Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to chromium from cement: Estimating the size of the problem in <scp>A</scp>ustralia

Wong, Celestine; Gamboni, Sarah E; Palmer, Amanda; Nixon, Rosemary

doi:10.1111/ajd.12238

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…), but, in other countries, occupational chromium dermatitis remains a major occupational health concern among construction workers . A recent Australian retrospective analysis showed a stable prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis caused by cement as opposed to the decrease observed in many European countries . The authors concluded that there is a need for regulation of chromium in cement similar to the European directive.…”

Section: Chromium Exposure Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium allergy and dermatitis: prevalence and main findings

et al. 2015

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SummaryThe history of chromium as an allergen goes back more than a century, and includes an interventional success with national legislation that led to significant changes in the epidemiology of chromium allergy in construction workers. The 2015 EU Leather Regulation once again put a focus on chromium allergy, emphasizing that the investigation of chromium allergy is still far from complete. Our review article on chromium focuses on the allergen's chemical properties, its potential exposure sources, and the allergen's interaction with the skin, and also provides an overview of the regulations, and analyses the epidemiological pattern between nations and across continents. We provide an update on the allergen from a dermatological point of view, and conclude that much still remains to be discovered about the allergen, and that continued surveillance of exposure sources and prevalence rates is necessary.Key words: allergic chromium dermatitis; allergy; chromium; chromium allergy; dermatitis; leather; metals; potassium dichromate; screening; spot test.Chromium is a transition metal with the atomic number 24. Industrialization and modern living have resulted in increased exposure to chromium ions for more than a century. Chromium salts can induce skin irritation and allergic contact dermatitis. These manifestations have been the basis for multiple studies, reports, and regulations (Table 1). We review chromium allergy from a dermatological perspective, providing an update combined with a historical perspective. Materials/MethodsFor the epidemiological part of this review article, a PubMed/MEDLINE literature search was performed on 10 December 2014, with the following search terms:'((((chromium or chromate or chrome or potassium dichromate) and (patch test or For a study to be included in the prevalence calculation, the prevalence rate had to be obtained from patch test clinics where the primary indication was dermatitis and not, for example, prosthesis insertion. Studies needed to report prevalence rates that would allow for calculations. Finally, we decided to only include studies published from 2004 and onwards, with the primary intention of performing an up-to-date review analysis on prevalence rates and trends during the last 10 years.The information for the remaining sections of this review article originated from a similar PubMed/ MEDLINE literature search performed with relevant search terms for the respective topics, focusing mainly on newer publications, but not neglecting older studies. The historical perspective of chromium allergy was mainly based on the doctoral theses by the Scandinavian dermatologists Bonnevie (7) . Statistical significance was predefined as a p-value of < 0.05. ResultsThe literature search resulted in a total of 1066 potential studies for the epidemiological part. Abstracts were then screened, and 132 articles were found to be relevant for further analysis. For the epidemiological comparison between Europe, North America, and Asia, a total of 31 studies were relevant. The Passivati...

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Section: Chromium Exposure Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium allergy and dermatitis: prevalence and main findings

et al. 2015

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“…In countries lacking regulations construction workers are at risk. A recent study from Australia mentioned ACD caused by Cr(VI) in cement as a significant occupational hazard with at least 24 new cases/year . There are examples from other countries too, including Singapore, Turkey, and Taiwan .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study from Australia mentioned ACD caused by Cr(VI) in cement as a significant occupational hazard with at least 24 new cases/year. 16 There are examples from other countries too, including Singapore, Turkey, and Taiwan. [17][18][19] As mentioned before, even in countries with a regulation concerning Cr(VI) some individuals get sensitized and develop ACD caused by Cr(VI).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin application of glutathione and iron sulfate can inhibit elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis from hexavalent chromium

et al. 2019

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CorrespondenceTina Lejding, Skånes universitetssjukhus, Yrkes-, och miljödermatologiska avdelningen, Jan Waldenströmsgata 16, plan 5, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden. AbstractBackground: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is often severe and difficult to treat. The most common source of exposure to Cr(VI) in Sweden used to be cement, and more recently leather. The contact allergy can be diminished or inhibited if the exposure is decreased or ceases. Barrier creams against different kinds of allergens have been investigated for their protective properties which may offer protection against Cr(VI) exposure.Objectives: To investigate the capacity of formulas containing glutathione (GSH) and iron sulfate to inhibit elicitation of ACD in Cr(VI)-allergic individuals when exposed to Cr(VI). Methods:In 18 Cr(VI)-allergic volunteers the back was divided into eight patch test areas which were treated with preparations of possible barrier creams, prior to patch testing with a dilution series of potassium dichromate and a buffered extract of cement.Results: A significant reduction in reactivity to Cr(VI) and cement extract on skin treated with formulas containing GSH or iron sulfate was noticed, compared with untreated skin.Conclusion: Formulas containing GSH or iron sulfate in barrier creams inhibit ACD in individuals allergic to Cr(VI) when applied before exposure to Cr(VI) and cement extract.allergic contact dermatitis, barrier cream, chromate, contact allergy, Cr(III), Cr(VI), delayed hypersensitivity, hexavalent chromium, patch testing, prevention, trivalent chromium

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“…Acute dermatitis is usually indicated by the formation of erythema, oedema, papules, vesicles, and weeping, while chronic dermatitis tends to form scaly, dry, and fissured skin [36]. Various chromium-induced contact dermatitis cases have been reported involving different chromium sources such as cement [37,38], leather [38][39][40][41][42][43], tattoo ink [44], cellular phone [45,46], etc. Concentration threshold for soluble chromium in each chromium-containing product should not exceed 1 ppm to minimize elicitation of contact dermatitis [47].…”

Section: Toxicities Of Chromium 31 Contact Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Dermatologic Toxicities and Biological Activities of Chromium

Jumina¹,

Harizal²

2021

Trace Metals in the Environment - New Approaches and Recent Advances

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Chromium is a versatile metal with various industrial applications and biological activities. However, as a transition metal, this element forms several species, i.e. oxidation states of −4 to +6, with different degrees of toxicities that affect ecosystems and organisms including human beings. The skin is the outermost organ that usually interacts directly with chromium species in nature. These contact and interaction induce the formation of several acute and chronic negative effects including contact dermatitis, skin cancer, allergy, etc. In this chapter, toxicity and biological activity of several chromium species, such as chromium zero-valent, trivalent, hexavalent, will be reviewed to obtain better comprehension in chromium toxicity. Sources and routes of exposure, toxicity and possible treatment, and biological activity on the skin are arranged and explained systematically.

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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to chromium from cement: Estimating the size of the problem in Australia

Abstract: These findings highlight the need for high-level discussions about adopting European legislation in Australia in order to reduce the likelihood of developing chromium OACD from cement.

Cited by 20 publications

References 20 publications

Chromium allergy and dermatitis: prevalence and main findings

Chromium allergy and dermatitis: prevalence and main findings

Skin application of glutathione and iron sulfate can inhibit elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis from hexavalent chromium

Dermatologic Toxicities and Biological Activities of Chromium

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