“…Complications caused by the port system include migration of the indwelling catheter, catheter occlusion because of thrombus formation, catheter kinking, catheter-associated bloodstream infections, fibrin sheath formation, the port turning inside-out, and stenosis, occlusion, or pseudoaneurysm of the blood vessel in which the catheter is inserted [ 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 ]. In most cases, invasive treatments such as removing or replacing the catheter system are necessary.…”