“…HA has been widely used in biomedical applications due to its excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and similarity to the mineral component of natural bones [14]. However, the traditional process of obtaining HA involves the use of animal bones, which can lead to ethical concerns and environmental issues [15]. In addition, commercial hydroxyapatite has a very high cost of close to EUR 400/100 g. This, in addition to the fact that approximately 6000 interventions that require the use of bone filler are performed in the region of Andalusia (Southern Spain) each year, has led researchers to explore alternative sources of HA, with a particular focus on circular bioeconomy, sustainability, and clean production.…”