Obtaining Electroheating Elements Based on Products of Carbothermal Reduction of Fe2O3 by Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)

Abstract

In this work, the prospects of fabrication of heating elements from heat-treated (sintered) mixtures of waste-activated sludge (WAS) and Fe2O3 under oxygen deficiency conditions are considered. During heat treatment of mixtures in the 800–900 °C temperature interval, Fe2O3 reduces to Fe3O4, Fe0.94O, and Fe. A heat treatment at 1000 °C leads mainly to the formation of amorphous iron doped with carbon, silicon, and aluminum. Based on these compacted mixtures, having different electrical resistivity (from ~ 10–4 up to 10–1 Ω·m), it is possible to fabricate heating elements, whose working temperature ranges from ~ 100 °C up to 600 °C. Graphical Abstract