Abstract:Flying safely and avoiding obstacles in low light is crucial for the bumblebees that forage around dawn and dusk. Previous work has shown that bumblebees overcome the limitations of their visual system—typically adapted for bright sunlight—by increasing the time over which they sample photons. While this improves visual sensitivity, it decreases their capacity to resolve fast motion. This study investigates what effect this has on obstacle avoidance in flight, a task that requires the bees to reliably detect o… Show more
“…Flight muscles cannot work optimally at very low temperatures [38] and cause dehydration and lethal overheating at high temperatures [39]. Light intensity is also essential to avoid obstacles and find food during insect foraging activity [40].…”
Bees and wasps are beneficial insects for the stability of ecosystem function. This study aimed to explore the bees and wasps and their relationship with the environmental factors in the three habitats, i.e., oil palm and rubber plantation, jungle rubber and adjacent villages in Harapan Forest, Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Bees and wasps were collected using sweeping method and the environmental factors were recorded during collection time. The correlation between the number of species and environmental factors was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Apis and Tetragonula were the two most common bees in all habitats and villages. The number of bee and wasp species in oil palm and rubber plantations was positively correlated with temperature and light intensity but negatively correlated with humidity. We found a higher number of bee species, i.e., 26 species, compared to seven species of wasps. The highest number of bees and wasps (16 species) was found in the oil palm plantation. Both jungle rubber and adjacent villages showed the lowest number of nine species of bees and wasps. Our study implied the importance of bees and wasps representing the herbivores and predators in these transformation habitats.
“…Flight muscles cannot work optimally at very low temperatures [38] and cause dehydration and lethal overheating at high temperatures [39]. Light intensity is also essential to avoid obstacles and find food during insect foraging activity [40].…”
Bees and wasps are beneficial insects for the stability of ecosystem function. This study aimed to explore the bees and wasps and their relationship with the environmental factors in the three habitats, i.e., oil palm and rubber plantation, jungle rubber and adjacent villages in Harapan Forest, Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Bees and wasps were collected using sweeping method and the environmental factors were recorded during collection time. The correlation between the number of species and environmental factors was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Apis and Tetragonula were the two most common bees in all habitats and villages. The number of bee and wasp species in oil palm and rubber plantations was positively correlated with temperature and light intensity but negatively correlated with humidity. We found a higher number of bee species, i.e., 26 species, compared to seven species of wasps. The highest number of bees and wasps (16 species) was found in the oil palm plantation. Both jungle rubber and adjacent villages showed the lowest number of nine species of bees and wasps. Our study implied the importance of bees and wasps representing the herbivores and predators in these transformation habitats.
“…It is generally accepted that the OF is balanced between the two eyes for a wide range of environmental conditions, as is reflected in experimental studies in flight tunnels on a variety of insect species meandering along the tunnel’s midline ("centering response"). However, if the textural and/or spatial properties of the environment in front of the two eyes differ in certain ways deviations from centering can be observed (Srinivasan et al 1991 ; Serres et al 2008 ; Dyhr and Higgins 2010 ; Baird and Dacke 2012 ; Kern et al 2012 ; Linander et al 2015 , 2016 ; Chakravarthi et al 2017 ; Serres and Ruffier 2017 ; Lecoeur et al 2019 ; Baird 2020 ). Two findings in particular show that balancing the OF in front of the two eyes is not always essential to allow insects to pursue a roughly straight flight course: (1) Functionally blinding one of the eyes hardly affects the ability of flies to fly straight, though monocular flies tend to fly slower and to tilt their body axis slightly to the side of the seeing eye.…”
Section: Spatial Behaviour Based On Optic Flow Information In Insectsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…4) (Ravi et al 2022). Obstacle avoidance behaviour was concluded to be essentially robust over the entire brightness range under which bumblebees are naturally active (Baird 2020). How insects deal with the OF characteristics under different collision avoidance conditions has been analyzed in detail during both tethered and free flight.…”
The optic flow, i.e., the displacement of retinal images of objects in the environment induced by self-motion, is an important source of spatial information, especially for fast-flying insects. Spatial information over a wide range of distances, from the animal's immediate surroundings over several hundred metres to kilometres, is necessary for mediating behaviours, such as landing manoeuvres, collision avoidance in spatially complex environments, learning environmental object constellations and path integration in spatial navigation. To facilitate the processing of spatial information, the complexity of the optic flow is often reduced by active vision strategies. These result in translations and rotations being largely separated by a saccadic flight and gaze mode. Only the translational components of the optic flow contain spatial information. In the first step of optic flow processing, an array of local motion detectors provides a retinotopic spatial proximity map of the environment. This local motion information is then processed in parallel neural pathways in a task-specific manner and used to control the different components of spatial behaviour. A particular challenge here is that the distance information extracted from the optic flow does not represent the distances unambiguously, but these are scaled by the animal’s speed of locomotion. Possible ways of coping with this ambiguity are discussed.
“…Solar radiation also plays a crucial role in bee foraging because bees need to be able to avoid obstacles and find their targets in the environment (Baird 2020;Baird et al 2020). Thus, some bees have a minimum light threshold for foraging that depends on the bee characteristics, especially on their eye and ocelli size (Kelber et al 2006;Warrant et al 2006;Warrant 2008).…”
Watermelon is a crop highly dependent on bees for pollination, and environmental conditions are some of the most important factors affecting bee foraging. In this study, we analyze the effect of environmental conditions on the behavior of the most common bees visiting flowers of watermelon crops in Panama. We recorded the number of visits, visit duration, and the corresponding environmental conditions during the visits. Environmental conditions affected the observed groups of bees differently: honey bee visit proportion was remarkably higher at low temperatures, solar radiation, wind speed, and high relative humidity, early in the morning when they made about 90% of their flower visits. The other observed bees showed a more homogenous behavior during the day, with peaks representing about 25-35% of the daily visits. Visit number showed a correlation with temperature for all the most common bees except Augochloropsis spp., with solar radiation for A. mellifera and Lasioglossum spp., with humidity for all except Lasioglossum spp., and with wind speed for all of the analyzed bees. Visit durations were remarkably longer in N. perilampoides early on the day. At the same time, the rest of the bees showed less pronounced duration peaks, reaching their maximum at intermediate values of environmental conditions. Visit duration on honeybees did not correlate with environmental factors, but it did for most other bees. Environmental conditions showed a strong effect on the bee foraging behavior, with each group of bees concentrating their activities in favorable conditions depending on their biology, establishing their daily foraging patterns.
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