Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms Are Associated With Heightened Avoidance of Low-Probability, High-Aversion Threats: A Preliminary Test of the Improbable-Catastrophe Hypothesis

Abstract

Although symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) may vary markedly, they often involve a fear of consequences that are both catastrophic and highly improbable (e.g., contracting HIV from a doorknob). Accordingly, a heightened sensitivity to what we refer to as improbable catastrophes may represent an underlying feature of OCD, yet this possibility awaits experimental validation. To fill this gap, 78 undergraduates with wide-ranging levels of OCD symptom severity completed a fear-conditioning paradigm designed to elicit varying degrees of perceived threat probability/aversiveness to test whether OCD symptoms predict heightened reactivity to unlikely, high-aversion threats. Consistent with predictions, participants with higher OCD symptoms were more avoidant of low-probability, high-aversion threats and also exhibited greater threat expectancy and physiological reactivity to more improbable threats in general. These findings implicate excessive avoidance of improbable catastrophes and heightened reactivity to unlikely threats more generally as underlying features of OCD.

Causally Probing the Role of the Hippocampus in Fear Discrimination: A Precision Functional Mapping–Guided, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study in Participants With Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

“…Between sessions 1 and 2, neuroimaging analyses were performed to determine TMS sites. Session 2 took place within 2 weeks of session 1 and included neuronavigated TMS delivered to the active or control site (order randomized) prior to the Farmer Task ( 32 , 33 , 34 ) and Mnemonic Similarity Task ( 35 ) (task order randomized but kept the same across visits to control for potential order effects). Session 3 took place 1 to 2 weeks after session 2 and included the same procedures with different versions of each task and TMS applied to the other site.…”