Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PANDAS, and Tourette Syndrome: Immuno-inflammatory Disorders

Marazziti, Donatella; Palermo, Stefania; Arone, Alessandro; Massa, Lucia; Parra, Elisabetta; Simoncini, Marly; Martucci, Lucia; Beatino, Maria Francesca; Pozza, Andrea

doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_13

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 165 publications

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“…We did not include animal studies in our analysis, as they replicate OCD models and are predominantly based on serotonergic and dopaminergic systems (Alonso et al, 2015;Grados et al, 2016). This topic of inflammation in OCD and associated disorders has also been the subject of recent reviews (Bhatt et al, 2023;Gagliano et al, 2023;Kamble & Dandekar, 2023;Marazziti et al, 2023;Vreeland et al, 2023), underscoring its relevance and the ongoing discourse in the scientific community.…”

Section: Infl Ammati On In O CDmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation in obsessive–compulsive disorder: A literature review and hypothesis‐based potential of transcranial photobiomodulation

Coelho,

Salvi,

Vieira

et al. 2024

J of Neuroscience Research

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling neuropsychiatric disorder that affects about 2%–3% of the global population. Despite the availability of several treatments, many patients with OCD do not respond adequately, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. Recent studies have associated various inflammatory processes with the pathogenesis of OCD, including alterations in peripheral immune cells, alterations in cytokine levels, and neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that inflammation could be a promising target for intervention. Transcranial photobiomodulation (t‐PBM) with near‐infrared light is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique that has shown potential for several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, its efficacy in OCD remains to be fully explored. This study aimed to review the literature on inflammation in OCD, detailing associations with T‐cell populations, monocytes, NLRP3 inflammasome components, microglial activation, and elevated proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α, CRP, IL‐1β, and IL‐6. We also examined the hypothesis‐based potential of t‐PBM in targeting these inflammatory pathways of OCD, focusing on mechanisms such as modulation of oxidative stress, regulation of immune cell function, reduction of proinflammatory cytokine levels, deactivation of neurotoxic microglia, and upregulation of BDNF gene expression. Our review suggests that t‐PBM could be a promising, noninvasive intervention for OCD, with the potential to modulate underlying inflammatory processes. Future research should focus on randomized clinical trials to assess t‐PBM's efficacy and optimal treatment parameters in OCD. Biomarker analyses and neuroimaging studies will be important in understanding the relationship between inflammatory modulation and OCD symptom improvement following t‐PBM sessions.

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Section: Infl Ammati On In O CDmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation in obsessive–compulsive disorder: A literature review and hypothesis‐based potential of transcranial photobiomodulation

Coelho,

Salvi,

Vieira

et al. 2024

J of Neuroscience Research

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“…Conversely, compulsive hand washing, often observed in OCD, may contribute to the worsening of AD [ 49 ]. Inflammatory processes may play a primary or secondary role in OCD [ 50 ]. Consequently, peripheral and systemic inflammation in AD could potentially escalate neuroinflammation, predisposing individuals to OCD and other neuropsychiatric disorders [ 10 ].…”

Section: Mental Health Conditions Associated With Admentioning

confidence: 99%

The Psychology of Atopic Dermatitis

Courtney,

2024

JCM

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin condition characterised by pruritus and recurrent eczematous patches and plaques. It impacts sleep and its visibility can lead to stigmatisation, low self-esteem, social withdrawal, reduced quality of life (QOL), and psychological burden. This study explores the relationship between AD and mental health, including possible causation pathways. A literature review was conducted in PubMed without using limiters. AD carries higher odds of suicidality and an increased risk of depression, anxiety, alexithymia, and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) across all severities. While some studies report an association of AD with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and possibly autism spectrum disorder (ASD), others do not. There is increasing evidence that AD contributes to chronic low-grade inflammation and cognitive impairment (CI). Causative factors for mental health complications of AD likely include both psychosocial and biological variables. AD is associated with higher levels of cutaneous and circulating proinflammatory cytokines; these can breach the blood–brain barrier and trigger central nervous system events, including oxidative stress, neurotransmitter breakdown, altered serotonin metabolism, and reduced neurogenesis in several brain regions. Excessive inflammation in AD may thus contribute to CI, depression, and suicidality. AD providers should be vigilant about mental health.

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“…There is also evidence for the role of immunological processes in the pathophysiology of OCD [9,139,[179][180][181]. Commonly known as the "autoimmune OCD subtype", Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections, or PANDAS, is characterized by OCD that appears after a streptococcal infection, such as scarlet fever or strep throat [179]. The dramatic surge of symptoms, which happens overnight, includes motor obsessions and compulsions.…”

Section: Dysbiosis and The Immune Basis Of Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through molecular mimicry, streptococcal bacteria are believed to induce an autoimmune response that attacks the brain via neuroinflammation. Indeed, several studies have found crossreactive antibodies targeting the brain in children with PANDAS, as well as microglial activation [9,179,[182][183][184][185][186].…”

Section: Dysbiosis and The Immune Basis Of Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Reprogramming in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorders: A Review of Gut–Brain Communication and Emerging Evidence

Bendriss

MacDonald

McVeigh

2023

IJMS

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating mental health disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbial composition, has been associated with various health conditions, including mental health disorders, autism, and inflammatory diseases. While the exact mechanisms underlying OCD remain unclear, this review presents a growing body of evidence suggesting a potential link between dysbiosis and the multifaceted etiology of OCD, interacting with genetic, neurobiological, immunological, and environmental factors. This review highlights the emerging evidence implicating the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of OCD and its potential as a target for novel therapeutic approaches. We propose a model that positions dysbiosis as the central unifying element in the neurochemical, immunological, genetic, and environmental factors leading to OCD. The potential and challenges of microbial reprogramming strategies, such as probiotics and fecal transplants in OCD therapeutics, are discussed. This review raises awareness of the importance of adopting a holistic approach that considers the interplay between the gut and the brain to develop interventions that account for the multifaceted nature of OCD and contribute to the advancement of more personalized approaches.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PANDAS, and Tourette Syndrome: Immuno-inflammatory Disorders

Cited by 10 publications

References 165 publications

Inflammation in obsessive–compulsive disorder: A literature review and hypothesis‐based potential of transcranial photobiomodulation

Inflammation in obsessive–compulsive disorder: A literature review and hypothesis‐based potential of transcranial photobiomodulation

The Psychology of Atopic Dermatitis

Microbial Reprogramming in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorders: A Review of Gut–Brain Communication and Emerging Evidence

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