Observer la Terre pour appréhender spatialement les inégalités de santé : regard historique et prospectif sur l’utilisation de la télédétection dans le domaine de la santé

Abstract

En prenant de la hauteur et en offrant une vue élargie des territoires, les images satellite et les photographies aériennes permettent d’appréhender les facteurs environnementaux qui peuvent conditionner la santé des populations. Depuis l’essor de la télédétection satellite à partir des années 1970, son usage dans le domaine de la santé a connu des succès modérés. Si son potentiel a été largement évoqué dans la littérature jusqu’aux années 2000, son apport opérationnel ne s’est pas imposé. Ce n’est que récemment que les applications en santé se sont enrichies et multipliées par le développement d’approches interdisciplinaires. Cet article vise à questionner les usages de la télédétection appliquée aux questions de santé selon les aspects techniques, historiques, et thématiques afin d’identifier les verrous. Il propose tout d’abord une vue didactique des principes théoriques, des données disponibles et des usages possibles. A travers une étude bibliographique, il offre un regard rétrospectif sur l’évolution de sa mise en œuvre dans le domaine la santé, qui permet de synthétiser les contributions actuelles : pour la cartographie opérationnelle, pour la surveillance et l’analyse des dynamiques des maladies infectieuses ou, dans une moindre de mesure, pour appréhender les vulnérabilités des populations comme les difficultés d’accès aux soins. Enfin, l’article conclut sur les limites, les recommandations et les perspectives pour optimiser ces usages dont les verrous sont souvent techniques et structurels mais pour lesquels des méthodologies doivent encore être développées.

A Mapping Review on Urban Landscape Factors of Dengue Retrieved from Earth Observation Data, GIS Techniques, and Survey Questionnaires

“…Relationships were not identified for individual dengue cases, except in id 22 (human mobility patterns of recently DENV-infected subjects). Since we considered data from survey questionnaires, a large number of relationships were identified at fine scale household-level, where the authors mainly considered the influence of house type and characteristics in the dengue transmission process, and exposure to Aedes bites by including entomological observations (ids: 1,4,8,12,13,20,25,26,34,35,48,52,55,60,68,75,77). Urban administrative divisions were often considered because (i) they represented the legal unit of dengue cases reports (ii) other datasets, such as demographic or socio-economic data, were aggregated and available at the same levels.…”

“…This led the authors to propose various urban ecotypes, and to consider the residential, commercial, or social function of a construction, after taking into consideration transportation or ecological aspects like density of roads or vegetation. Despite the difficulty in comparing authors' self-definitions, the mix of residential and highly frequented areas, associated with multi-scale human mobility (e.g., road network density, ids: 14, 37), with vegetation in the surrounding areas generally show the strongest associations to dengue occurrences (ids: 10,14,19,28,35,37,51,57). Considered separately as individual proxies, urban functions are generally not significant (ids: 18, 35).…”

“…Over the last twenty-five years, advancement in spatial epidemiology has been largely driven by the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and georeferencing data systems [28,29]. In the case of vector-borne diseases, it may also include remote sensing techniques, which present a high-potential in disease risk mapping and environmental contextualizing [30][31][32][33], but probably still remains underutilised [34,35]. Remote sensing uses the notion of a proxy, that is a measurable variable which represents an indirect measure of an impractical physical variable that cannot be measured directly [35].…”

“…In the case of vector-borne diseases, it may also include remote sensing techniques, which present a high-potential in disease risk mapping and environmental contextualizing [30][31][32][33], but probably still remains underutilised [34,35]. Remote sensing uses the notion of a proxy, that is a measurable variable which represents an indirect measure of an impractical physical variable that cannot be measured directly [35]. In the case of vector-borne diseases, entomological data surveys are often costly, labor-intensive and remain scarce [13,36].…”

Homisland-IO: Homogeneous Land Use/Land Cover over the Small Islands of the Indian Ocean

“…Land use/land cover (LULC) data are key information to understand the relationships between humans and their environment. As such, these data are used in many research fields, for example, climate change [1,2], biodiversity assessment [3], health [4,5] or land use and land cover changes monitoring [6,7].…”