“…In Chalanga et al (2016); Rabiee et al (2019), finite-time sliding mode disturbance observers were designed based on adaptive and super-twisting techniques, respectively. Additionally, in recent years, several fixed-time disturbance observers (Ni et al, 2017; Pan and Zhang, 2022; Zhang et al, 2019) have been proposed for estimating the external disturbances of the system in a fixed time. However, the above perturbation observers can only guarantee finite-time or fixed-time estimates of system perturbations, and few studies have addressed the design of predefined-time observer.…”