Observer-based estimation of the water-mass-flow through a central heating boiler

Spreitzer, Karsten; Rückbrodt, Dörte; Straky, Harald

doi:10.1109/acc.2002.1025467

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Domestic central heating systems amount to 16% of the carbon dioxide emissions in the UK [3] and consequently an optimised system performance should have significant environmental benefits. The widespread use of domestic central heating systems was also highlighted by Spreitzer et al [4] who state that almost all residential buildings in Germany make use of a wet central heating system which results in circa 40% of the primary energy consumed in Germany. Furthermore, Sauer et al [5] also state that central heating systems are responsible for 70% of all domestic emissions in Germany.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Experimental analysis of two-phase flow in domestic central heating systems: micro bubble characteristics

Fsadni

Lamers³

2011

Computational Methods in Multiphase Flow VI

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Domestic central heating systems result in micro bubble nucleation and detachment at the boiler wall due to the presence of supersaturated conditions in the system. Such conditions originate due to the widespread use of untreated tap water in such systems and due to the air leakage into the system's closed loop circuit during the daily thermal cycling. The presence of air bubbles in such systems results in a number of undesired effects such as corrosion, blockages, noise and the filling of radiators with air due to the deposit of the micro bubbles in the radiators. As a result, a loss in the heat transfer area of the radiator occurs thus resulting in an inefficient use, consequently increasing the carbon footprint of such widely used systems. Therefore, the capture of micro bubbles at the exit point of the boiler should result in improved system efficiencies. A comprehensive knowledge of the expected bubble production rate and bubble size is important for an efficient deaeration system. To date, no studies have been published on the fundamentals of bubble production and size in wet central heating systems, therefore, the importance of this paper for the building services industry. Experimental results on a test rig incorporating a typical 19 kW (rated) domestic gas fired boiler show typical micro bubble production rates ranging between 0.03 to 0.47 litres of nitrogen gas per hour with a shift in the system heating load. An analysis of the expected bubble diameters was done at different system conditions. Bubbles with average diameters within the range of 0.13 and 0.39 mm were observed. A comparison with Winterton's finite angle force balance model resulted in reasonable predictions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…(1) Our saturation ratio was calculated through the use of eqns. (3) and (4). as done by Lubetkin and Blackwell [11] who calculated the gas concentration in the fluid through the use of the Henry's law as defined by Gerrard [1].…”

Section: The Solubility Of Gasses In Liquids and Supersaturated Solutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental analysis of two-phase flow in domestic central heating systems: micro bubble characteristics

Fsadni

Lamers³

2011

Computational Methods in Multiphase Flow VI

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“…There are different types of commercial controllers already available in the markets which are mainly based on microcontrollers, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller, and PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controllers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. These controllers are mainly used for detecting water temperature and level and are responsible for the flow of water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, implementation and performance of a controller for uninterruptible solar hot water system

Hasan

Arifin

Rahman

et al. 2011

2011 IEEE 18th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management

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This paper describes a novel design and implementation of an automatic control system for solar hot water system in both domestic and industrial purpose. The project consists of one 150 liters evacuated tube solar collector, 300 liter storage tank, solenoid valves and an electric water heater. The objective was to implement an embedded system to control how and from which source (collector or electric heater) the hot water is been provided to the user end. The whole system is solely controlled by the controller which decides how the water should flow to the user end. The controller mainly consists of ATmega32 for central processing, LCD for displaying the level of water inside the tanks, segment displays for showing the temperature inside the tank, a regulator for setting the outlet temperature and a button for confirming the set temperature. The controller is powered by a DC power unit.

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Modeling of Large-Scale Integrated Energy Systems

Zheng

Jing

Zhou

2019

Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering

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Observer-based estimation of the water-mass-flow through a central heating boiler

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

Experimental analysis of two-phase flow in domestic central heating systems: micro bubble characteristics

Experimental analysis of two-phase flow in domestic central heating systems: micro bubble characteristics

Design, implementation and performance of a controller for uninterruptible solar hot water system

Modeling of Large-Scale Integrated Energy Systems

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