“…. (28) where z d can be set as V * λ , α * or ω * z , z 1 is the estimated value of z d , z 2 is the estimated derivative of z d corresponding toV * λ ,α * orω * z , and τ 1 , τ 2 are observer gains. Moreover, a 1 ∈ (1 − υ, 1) , b 1 ∈ (1, 1 + υ) , a 2 = 2a 1 − 1 and b 2 = 2a 2 − 1 where υ is a sufficiently small constant.…”