Observed and simulated changes in the Southern Hemisphere surface westerly wind‐stress

Swart, Neil C.; Fyfe, John C.

doi:10.1029/2012gl052810

Cited by 291 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Analysis of climate models (which cannot simulate jets in the Southern Ocean) suggests that as the atmosphere warms, the winds that drive the fronts and jets of the ACC will migrate south (e.g., Fyfe and Saenko, 2006;Swart and Fyfe, 2012). It should be noted, however, that the mean position of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies in the models lies significantly equatorward of the true position (e.g., Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Using kinetic energy measurements from altimetry to detect shifts in the positions of fronts in the Southern Ocean

Chambers

2018

Ocean Sci.

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Abstract. A novel analysis is performed utilizing cross-track kinetic energy (CKE) computed from along-track sea surface height anomalies. The midpoint of enhanced kinetic energy averaged over 3-year periods from 1993 to 2016 is determined across the Southern Ocean and examined to detect shifts in frontal positions, based on previous observations that kinetic energy is high around fronts in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current system due to jet instabilities. It is demonstrated that although the CKE does not represent the full eddy kinetic energy (computed from crossovers), the shape of the enhanced regions along ground tracks is the same, and CKE has a much finer spatial sampling of 6.9 km. Results indicate no significant shift in the front positions across the Southern Ocean, on average, although there are some localized, large movements. This is consistent with other studies utilizing sea surface temperature gradients, the latitude of mean transport, and the probability of jet occurrence, but is inconsistent with studies utilizing the movement of contours of dynamic topography.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Using kinetic energy measurements from altimetry to detect shifts in the positions of fronts in the Southern Ocean

Chambers

2018

Ocean Sci.

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“…Ozone depletion and greenhouse gasses have increased the strength of the Summer Annual Mode (SAM), which in its positive phase contracts the westerly wind belt southwards and increases their velocity. Ironically, these humaninduced changes to the atmosphere have mitigated the southward penetration of global warming around Antarctica (Fyfe et al, 1999;Marshall, 2003;Turner et al, 2009;Swart and Fyfe, 2012). However, the continuing release of greenhouse gasses and the recovery of the ozone hole will inevitably cause future climate-induced warming and ecosystem change in Antarctic waters (Smetacek and Nicol, 2005;Boyd et al, 2008;Constable et al, 2014).…”

Section: Climate-driven Changes To the Southern Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Petrou

Kranz

Trimborn

et al. 2016

Journal of Plant Physiology

104

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Please cite this article in press as: Petrou, K., et al., Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate. J Plant Physiol (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.004 ARTICLE IN PRESS a b s t r a c tThe Southern Ocean (SO) is a major sink for anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), potentially harbouring even greater potential for additional sequestration of CO 2 through enhanced phytoplankton productivity. In the SO, primary productivity is primarily driven by bottom up processes (physical and chemical conditions) which are spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Due to a paucity of trace metals (such as iron) and high variability in light, much of the SO is characterised by an ecological paradox of high macronutrient concentrations yet uncharacteristically low chlorophyll concentrations. It is expected that with increased anthropogenic CO 2 emissions and the coincident warming, the major physical and chemical process that govern the SO will alter, influencing the biological capacity and functioning of the ecosystem. This review focuses on the SO primary producers and the bottom up processes that underpin their health and productivity. It looks at the major physico-chemical drivers of change in the SO, and based on current physiological knowledge, explores how these changes will likely manifest in phytoplankton, specifically, what are the physiological changes and floristic shifts that are likely to ensue and how this may translate into changes in the carbon sink capacity, net primary productivity and functionality of the SO.

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“…Late twentieth century instrumental and reanalysis data indicate an acceleration and southward shift of the SWW during austral summer and autumn 5 , contemporaneous with a global warming trend, increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and persistently positive phases of the SAM 6 (also known as the Antarctic Oscillation), the main mode of atmospheric variability in the mid-and high-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere (SH; Supplementary Discussion). This atmospheric trend has been attributed to human-induced changes in atmospheric chemistry during the twentieth century 7 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Southern Annular Mode-like changes in southwestern Patagonia at centennial timescales over the last three millennia

et al. 2014

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Late twentieth-century instrumental records reveal a persistent southward shift of the Southern Westerly Winds during austral summer and autumn associated with a positive trend of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and contemporaneous with glacial recession, steady increases in atmospheric temperatures and CO 2 concentrations at a global scale. However, despite the clear importance of the SAM in the modern/future climate, very little is known regarding its behaviour during pre-Industrial times. Here we present a stratigraphic record from Lago Cipreses (51°S), southwestern Patagonia, that reveals recurrent B200-year long dry/warm phases over the last three millennia, which we interpret as positive SAM-like states. These correspond in timing with the Industrial revolution, the Mediaeval Climate Anomaly, the Roman and Late Bronze Age Warm Periods and alternate with cold/wet multicentennial phases in European palaeoclimate records. We conclude that SAM-like changes at centennial timescales in southwestern Patagonia represent in-phase interhemispheric coupling of palaeoclimate over the last 3,000 years through atmospheric teleconnections.

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Observed and simulated changes in the Southern Hemisphere surface westerly wind‐stress

Cited by 291 publications

References 27 publications

Using kinetic energy measurements from altimetry to detect shifts in the positions of fronts in the Southern Ocean

Using kinetic energy measurements from altimetry to detect shifts in the positions of fronts in the Southern Ocean

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Southern Annular Mode-like changes in southwestern Patagonia at centennial timescales over the last three millennia

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