Observations upon carbohydrate metabolism in birds

Kinnersley, Henry Wulff; Peters, Rudolph

doi:10.1042/bj0231126

Cited by 69 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…For decades, impaired carbohydrate metabolism has been known to cause neurological dysfunction (Kinnersley & Peters, 1929). More recently, neurological disorders have been associated with inherited deficiencies of specific enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, including the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (Blass et al, 1970(Blass et al, , 1971).…”

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Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces

Gibson

Jope

Blass

1975

Biochemical Journal

235

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The relation between pyruvate utilization and acetylcholine synthesis was investigated in minces of adult rat brain. The flux of pyruvate to acetylcholine was less than 1% of that to CO2; nevertheless, a number of agents which inhibited conversion of [1-14C]-pyruvate or [2-14C]pyruvate into 14CO2 were associated with corresponding decreases in the conversion of [2-14C]pyruvate into acetylcholine. The amount of acetylcholine produced by minces of whole rat brain, measured by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry, decreased similarly. Among the inhibitory compounds tested were 3-bromopyruvate, an irreversible inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase; 2-oxobutyrate, a competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase; other 2-oxo acids; and amobarbital and pentobarbital. Linear-regression equations relating CO2 production to acetylcholine synthesis gave correlation coefficients of 0.89-0.93 for the combined observations. The inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis could not be attributed to inhibition of choline acetyltransferase. Incorporation of [2-14C]pyruvate into lipids, proteins and nucleic acids was effected less than that into acetylcholine. Under these experimental conditions, it was shown that pyruvate utilization can limit acetylcholine synthesis.

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Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces

Gibson

Jope

Blass

1975

Biochemical Journal

235

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“…Data are taken from Funk (1922), Kinnersley & Peters (1929, 1930, Gavrilescu & Peters (1931) and Gavrilescu et al (1932) enzyme system, and this system was a cerebral isolate. Table 3 eriumerates a series of selections, made in order to obtain the most effective prepara.tion, with the vitamin concentrate as test system.…”

Section: Successive Stages Of Selection To Obtain a Cerebral Isolatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral Isolates and Neurochemical Discovery

McIlwain

1975

Biochemical Society Transactions

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I am greatly honoured by the invitation to give this Lecture, within a mile of the site of Thudichum's private laboratory and about 100 years after his last report to the Privy Council on his research on the brain (Thudichum, 1874). His investigations extended much beyond cerebral systems, which occupied some 16 years of an extremely busy scientific life. For Thudichum was a pupil of Liebig, was also a clinician, had held academic posts, and had carried out effective work on chemical constituents of urine and bile before working on the brain (see Drabkin, 1958; McIlwain, 1958a, b). After the 16 neurochemical years, he turned abruptly to other subjects. Thudichum's work on the brain sought the solution of major medical problems of his times: the deliria and coma of infectious diseases, especially of the fevers, and especially of cholera. He quite specifically sought to understand and control such deliria by chemical investigation of the brain. He was given good and for his time quite exceptional support from public funds to do this, and had assistants working with him. Thudichum found that not sufficient was known about cerebral chemistry, and set about making good the lack of knowledge. This became an end in itself, so that he concluded his preface to the book (Thudichum, 1884) in which he gives the major report on his work on the brain, with an often-quoted statement about needing to 'know the normal chemistry (of the brain) to its uttermost detail' before devising means of therapy. We may, now, smile at the 'uttermost', but we can welcome Thudichum's overwhelmingly correct view that material investigation of the brain necessarily involves chemical isolation, characterizationand measurement of its constituents. Such was the great thing Thudichum knew, and practised. I use this phrase in the following context : 'The fox knew many things, but the hedgehog knew one great thing' and rolled up accordingly, spikes exposed and impervious. For Thudichum was a prickly character and much, including probably these eponymous lectures, has followed from that characteristic. Isolates I: Chemical Constituents Thudichum's work on the brain is indeed all about isolating materials and their chemical characterization, which is why I have chosen to talk about cerebral isolates, beginning with Thudichum's type and proceeding to two others (Table 1). It is to be emphasized that Thudichum obtained his isolates in a particular way: particular both in its chemical detail, which was necessarily of his time, and also in its methodological approach, whichwas not. Heextracted, fractionatedandcrystallized to obtain substances of constant composition and properties, within the limits then available. He organized his results to give a highly schematic manner of presentation, as indicated by Table 2. Curiously, as may be noted from Table 2, Thudichum called his isolates 'principles'.

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“…They include bradycardia, convulsions, and such ' biochemical lesions' (Gavrilescu & Peters, 1931a) as raised blood levels of pyruvate and lactate (Kinnersley & Peters, 1929;Peters, 1936). Apart from these, any other signs might be attributed to loss of appetite and consequent inanition (Reader & Drummond, 1926).…”

Section: Recognition Of Signs Of Thiamine Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thiamine requirement of rats given a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet

Boullin

1961

Br J Nutr

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Observations upon carbohydrate metabolism in birds

Cited by 69 publications

References 5 publications

Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces

Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces

Cerebral Isolates and Neurochemical Discovery

Thiamine requirement of rats given a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet

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