Observations related to the homing instinct of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Johannesson, Björn

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(87)90196-7

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Johannesson () observed spawning migration behaviour of Atlantic salmon that further supports the notion that migrants will return primarily to imprinted cues and secondarily to pheromones. Smolts were released in a harbour, and they returned as adults to the release point.…”

Section: Hierarchical Navigation Hypothesis: a New Explanation Of Natmentioning

confidence: 72%

Olfactory navigation during spawning migrations: a review and introduction of the Hierarchical Navigation Hypothesis

Bett

Hinch

2015

Biological Reviews

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Migrations are characterized by periods of movement that typically rely on orientation towards directional cues. Anadromous fish undergo several different forms of oriented movement during their spawning migration and provide some of the most well-studied examples of migratory behaviour. During the freshwater phase of the migration, fish locate their spawning grounds via olfactory cues. In this review, we synthesize research that explores the role of olfaction during the spawning migration of anadromous fish, most of which focuses on two families: Salmonidae (salmonids) and Petromyzontidae (lampreys). We draw attention to limitations in this research, and highlight potential areas of investigation that will help fill in current knowledge gaps. We also use the information assembled from our review to formulate a new hypothesis for natal homing in salmonids. Our hypothesis posits that migrating adults rely on three types of cues in a hierarchical fashion: imprinted cues (primary), conspecific cues (secondary), and non-olfactory environmental cues (tertiary). We provide evidence from previous studies that support this hypothesis. We also discuss future directions of research that can test the hypothesis and further our understanding of the spawning migration.

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Section: Hierarchical Navigation Hypothesis: a New Explanation Of Natmentioning

confidence: 72%

Olfactory navigation during spawning migrations: a review and introduction of the Hierarchical Navigation Hypothesis

Bett

Hinch

2015

Biological Reviews

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“…Escaped fish may also be attracted to familiar smells and sounds from the fish farms. Migrating Atlantic salmon use odors from conspecifics for local orientation (Johannesson, 1987), and it has been suggested that acoustic conditioning of rainbow trout (Abbott, 1972) could be used to aggregate escapees to improve recapture rates (Tlusty et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of escaped farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a vector for the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) depends on the hydrological conditions in the fjord

Skilbrei

2012

Hydrobiologia

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The objectives of the study were to see if escaped rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spread rapidly or not from fish farms, and to test whether the hydrological conditions in a fjord influence their vertical distribution and importance as vector for the salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Fifty farmed rainbow trout were tagged with acoustic transmitters including depth sensors and released from two of 11 fish farms in the fjord system. In addition, unintentionally escaped rainbow trout were recaptured for analysis of salmon lice and stomach content. Dispersal out of the fjord system was limited. Most fish stayed in the vicinity of and moved between the fish farms but fed primarily on a variety of indigestible items. They moved in the warm relatively fresh surface layer from late spring until early autumn where the risk of being infested with salmon lice was low. They swam gradually deeper and became much more infested with salmon lice as the surface layers cooled and salinity and temperature gradients became less distinct over the course of the winter. The observed postescapement behavior may challenge the control of the spread of diseases and parasites between neighboring farms and to wild fish, but also increases opportunities for recapture.

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“…In rivers smolts alter their behaviour from the territorial, benthic, positively rheotactic behaviour of parr to shoaling, pelagic negatively rheotactic behaviour (Kalleberg, 1958), although some work appears to contradict this (Damsgård and Arnesen, 1998). Movement downstream is relatively slow with the fish mostly orienting upstream while moving down until they get within a short distance of the estuary at which point they swim straight to sea (Johannesson, 1987). Once at sea we have very little idea about the behaviour of the wild fish whether movement to the feeding grounds is direct or intermittent.…”

Section: Alertness and Explorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Starvation, describes a situation where the fish are deprived of food over a long period and starvation starts when the animal begins to metabolise tissues that are not food reserves, but are functional tissues (Broom and Fraser, 2007). During starvation fish will lose biomass as they mobilise energy stores, mainly lipid but also some proteins (Jobling et al, 2001). The biomass reduction due to starvation will slow down after a few days as the fish become hypometabolic, down-regulating metabolism to conserve body substrates (Damsgård et al, 2004).…”

Section: • Routine Starvation Prior To Harvestmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recommendations on minimum O 2 saturation depend on production strategy and developmental stage (Forsberg and Bergheim, 1996;Bergheim et al, 2006). Minimum oxygen concentration for fast growth has been suggested to be around 60% for salmonids (Jobling, 1994). In young stages of salmonid, different values of low oxygen have been reported to affect egg development and cause early hatching, delayed emergence of alevins, deformities in young fish and high mortality (Matschak et al, 1998;Malcolm et al, 2005;Geist et al, 2006;Roussel, 2007).…”

Section: Oxygenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Animal welfare aspects of husbandry systems for farmed Atlantic salmon ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare

2008

EFS2

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Council Directive 98/58/EC concerning the protection of animals kept for farming purposes lays down minimum standards for the protection of animals bred or kept for farming purposes, including fish. Following a request from the European Commission, the AHAW Panel was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the animal welfare aspects of husbandry systems for farmed Atlantic salmon.. The Scientific Opinion was adopted on 19 th June 2008. From the data presented in the scientific report factors affecting farmed Atlantic salmon welfare were identified which led to conclusions in the Scientific Opinion. These factors are grouped as: environmental conditions (abiotic and biotic factors), feed and feeding, husbandry, genetics and the impact of disease and disease control measures. A risk assessment was carried out to obtain a ranking of risk and compare the production systems. The discussion of the risk assessment is presented in the opinion. Atlantic salmon behaviour such as feeding, swimming and social behaviour are relevant when considering the welfare impact of farming systems. Genetic selection of salmon should take into account possible consequences for their welfare of any changes. The main factors affecting Atlantic salmon welfare were considered to be those discussed below. Water quality is essential for good welfare in fish and several damaging effects of poor water quality on fish health were recognised. Water quality effects relate not only to the absolute levels but also to the rate of its change and interactions with other factors. Tolerance levels were indicated when available. For instance it was recommended that oxygen saturation should be maintained above 70% to maintain full appetite and growth but subsequent research on the impact on fish welfare may show that higher levels are required. Carbon dioxide concentration (CO 2) can be an important factor especially in systems where oxygen supplementation is used. Optimal photoperiod and light intensity are also key factors and different positive and negative effects according to the life stage were identified. Stocking density was considered a major factor affecting salmon welfare. Its effects interact with those of many other factors and make it difficult to establish a maximum and minimum values or optimum stocking densities that would safeguard welfare. The monitoring of the conditions of the fish, such as fin damage, other injuries, growth rate, and behaviours expressed and overall health, was recommended to set appropriate levels of stocking density. Atlantic salmon diet contains a high proportion of marine fish meal and oil, to meet size and life cycle specific requirements for macro-and micronutrients but the increased demand for marine feed components has placed a focus on alternative resources. Introduction of novel non-marine feed components can lead to specific problems although there is evidence for their potential to partly replace high quality fish meal in diets. Grading (sorting by body size) is an important part of husbandry. Grading syst...

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Observations related to the homing instinct of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Olfactory navigation during spawning migrations: a review and introduction of the Hierarchical Navigation Hypothesis

Olfactory navigation during spawning migrations: a review and introduction of the Hierarchical Navigation Hypothesis

The importance of escaped farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a vector for the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) depends on the hydrological conditions in the fjord

Animal welfare aspects of husbandry systems for farmed Atlantic salmon ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare

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