Observations on the sporogony of Plasmodium circumflexum Kikuth and Plasmodium polare Manwell in New Brunswick

Abstract

The sporogony of Plasmodium circumflexum in Culiseta morsitans is described. Sporozoites were first noted in the salivary glands on the 8th postinfective day; oocysts were still maturing on the 16th postinfective day. Culiseta morsitans was considered to be a good functional vector of Plasmodium circumflexum and the probable natural vector of this parasite in the Tantramar Marshes of New Brunswick. Plasmodium circumflexum did not show sporogonic development in 10 other culicines of three genera obtained in the same area but did complete sporogony in Mansonia perturbans. Plasmodium polare also completed sporogony in Culiseta morsitans and Mansonia perturbans but did not develop in other culicids. A review of the known potential of members of the genus Culiseta as vectors of avian Plasmodium indicates that this genus has previously been underrated and that it shows the greatest potential of all the culicid genera.

High Prevalence and Lineage Diversity of Avian Malaria in Wild Populations of Great Tits (Parus major) and Mosquitoes (Culex pipiens)

“…This could be due to our low sample size of parous females and/or to other vector species involved in the transmission of Plasmodium present in this particular site. Culiseta morsitans has been shown to be the vector of Plasmodium circumflexum in waterfowl in New Brunswick [36], whereas Kimura et al [2] did not find any Plasmodium in 176 Culiseta melanura in Ithaca (USA). Furthermore, C. morsitans was also described as competent vector of P. polare [6], which presents an overall prevalence of 24% and 19.2% among great tits and infected C. pipiens , respectively.…”

Sampling Adults by Animal Bait Catches and by Animal-Baited Traps

“…The traps were operated for three 24-hr periods each week for 5 months. At least 17 species belonging to Anopheles, Culex, Culiseta (Emord & Morris, 1982); (b) duck-baited trap (Meyer & Bennett, 1976); (c) bantam trap (Pillai & MacNamara, 1968) Using rather similar traps, that is modified CDC light-traps normally baited with carbon dioxide (Pfuntner, 1979), but baited with a white mouse, dry ice or with both attractants, Landry & DeFoliart (1986) …”

“…Species not found in larval surveys nor in human bait catches were also caught. About 30% of the mosquitoes had engorged on the duck, the only species not feeding on the bird was Culex territans (Meyer & Bennett, 1976).…”

Overcoming the Challenges of Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Sampling in Remote Localities: A Comparison of CO2Attractants on Mosquito Communities in Three Tropical Forest Habitats

“…Baits or trap attractants are a standard feature of vector surveillance and mosquito community studies (Kline 2006, Silver 2008. Different live baits, such as humans, other mammals, and birds have been used (Sasa et al 1951, Buescher et al 1959, Meyer and Bennett 1976, Emord and Morris 1982, Costantini et al 1993), but mostly live baits are replaced by odor attractants, which stimulate mosquitoes to approach and enter traps (Costantini et al 1993). The most common attractant to lure female host-seeking mosquitoes is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) (Gillies et al 1980, Kline 1994, Kline et al 2006, Silver 2008.…”