Observations on the efficacy of ivermectin in the control of cattle ticks in Zambia

Pegram, R. G.; Lemche, J.

doi:10.1136/vr.117.21.551

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…In Zambia, control of Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis is mainly achieved by chemotherapy and or chemoprophylaxis and vector control [38,77] and less by immunization. The latter is restricted to some commercial farms, but it is not common practice.…”

Section: Babesiosis and Anaplasmosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The current status of major tick borne diseases in Zambia

Makala

Mangani²,

Fujisaki

et al. 2003

Vet. Res.

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-Tick-borne diseases occurring in Zambia are assuming more importance as they continue to be a major economic problem not only in Zambia, but in many parts of Eastern, Southern and Central Africa. The current control methods, which include the use of toxic acaricides to kill ticks, and the virulent sporozoite infection and treatment method have limitations. Recombinant vaccines, currently in their experimental stages, offer hope for the future. The use of acaricides is hampered by the development of acaricide resistance and live vaccines are dependent on cold chain facilities, which are a formidable obstacle in the poorly developed infrastructure in parts of Zambia where the vaccine is most needed. Amidst these drawbacks are the results of the recent research on parasites and vector recombinant vaccines which promise to circumvent these problems. The history, current status and attitudes regarding the control of these diseases, taking into account their complexity, are reviewed. The establishment of the well-designed Central Veterinary Research Institute (CVRI) and Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) sponsored veterinary school, both have a potential for high quality research, with access to a wealth of specimens a veritable goldmine of research material. It is thus hoped that this review will stimulate the desire to maximize the value of the tick and tick-borne disease research in both Zambia and the international research community.

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Section: Babesiosis and Anaplasmosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Zambia, drugs are used to treat cases of Heartwater, Theileriosis, Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis in addition to vector control [38,77] and less by immunization. Drugs for use in chemotherapy or chemoprophylaxis of most tickborne diseases are readily available.…”

Section: Chemotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

The current status of major tick borne diseases in Zambia

Makala

Mangani²,

Fujisaki

et al. 2003

Vet. Res.

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“…Numerous studies have shown that ivermectin can control a variety of tick species (Drummond et al 1981. Nolan et al 1981Lancaster et al 1982;Miller et al 1983Miller et al , 1998Pegram and Lemche 1985;Cramer et al 1988;Taylor and Kenny 1990, Soll et al 1989.…”

Section: Because Of the United States Boophilus Eradicationmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Ivomec SR Bolus for Control of <I>Boophilus annulatus</I> (Acari: Ixodidae) on Cattle in South Texas

Miller¹,

Davey²,

Oehler³

et al. 2001

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When Hereford heifers infested with Boophilus annulatus (Say) were treated with a single Ivomec SR Bolus, the concentration of ivermectin in the serum of the treated cattle reached a maximum of 8.8 +/- 0.9 ppb at 2 wk posttreatment. The single bolus treatment resulted in 84.4% control of standard engorging B. annulatus females on treated cattle over the 20-wk trial. Although fewer engorged ticks were collected from the sentinel heifers exposed in the treated pasture than those in the control pasture at weeks 4, 10, and 16 posttreatment, none of the differences was statistically significant. Each exposure of sentinel cattle found free-living ticks in both the treated and control pastures, indicating the infestation was not eliminated by the treatment. When the trial was repeated using two Ivomec SR Boluses/heifer, the concentration of ivermectin in the serum of the treated cattle reached a maximum level of 31.2 +/- 3.9 ppb at week 13 posttreatment. The use of two boluses/heifer resulted in 99.6% control of standard engorging B. annulatus females over the 20-wk trial. No ticks were found on sentinels placed in the treated pasture after week 9 posttreatment, an indication that the treatment had eliminated the free-living population in the treated pasture. From these studies, we conclude that a single Ivomec SR Bolus is incapable of sufficient control of B. annulatus to meet the rigid requirements of the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program in South Texas. Although two boluses per animal did eliminate the ticks from treated heifers and the pasture they were in, the treatment would not be sufficiently efficacious for mature cattle (>400 kg) for it to be useful in the program.

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“…Under field conditions in South Africa (SchrSder et al, 1985) and Zambia (Pegram and Lemche, 1985 ), multiple injections of ivermectin at intervals of 1 or 2 weeks reduced numbers of B. decoloratus, H. truncatum, R. appendiculatus, A. hebraeum and A. variegatum present on naturally infested cattle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Control of induced infestations of three African multihost tick species with sustained-release ivermectin

Soll¹,

Carmichael²,

Swan³

et al. 1989

Exp Appl Acarol

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The efficacy of ivermectin, released intraruminally from a 28-day-delivery device was evaluated in two titration studies against induced infestations of adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. evertsi and Hyalomma truncatum on cattle. Cattle were given a sufficient number of devices to release ivermectin at approximately 20, 40, 60 or 80 micrograms kg-1 day-1 at a steady-state rate 7-28 days after administration. Tick mortality was recorded, engorged female ticks were weighed and individually incubated, and reproductive data were recorded to determine a reproductive index for the species at various dose levels. Mortality of male and female ticks compared to that of controls was directly related to the daily dose of ivermectin, as was the number of ticks not engorging. Ticks fed on ivermectin-treated cattle had a smaller mass when engorged and laid smaller egg-masses, both absolutely and as a proportion of engorged mass. The index of reproduction of R. appendiculatus was reduced by more than 99.9% at 20 micrograms kg-1 day-1, and the reproductive indices of R. evertsi and H. truncatum were reduced by more than 99.9% at dose rates of 40 micrograms kg-1 day-1 and above. Practical implications of the application of sustained-release ivermectin for the control of multihost ticks and tick-borne diseases are discussed.

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Observations on the efficacy of ivermectin in the control of cattle ticks in Zambia

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

The current status of major tick borne diseases in Zambia

The current status of major tick borne diseases in Zambia

The Ivomec SR Bolus for Control of <I>Boophilus annulatus</I> (Acari: Ixodidae) on Cattle in South Texas

Control of induced infestations of three African multihost tick species with sustained-release ivermectin

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