Observations on the Distribution of the Sympathetic Nerves to the Pupil and Upper Extremity as Determined by Stimulation of the Anterior Roots in Man

The importance of classification in sympathetic surgery and a proposed mechanism for compensatory hyperhidrosis: experience with 464 cases

“…Also, they may go upward and downward in the sympathetic trunks before leaving and distributing to the sweat gland. Therefore, the distributions overlap, and are not necessarily to the same part of the body from the same spinal segments [19]. Moreover, visceral afferent fibers are accompanied by visceral efferent fibers.…”

Anatomical redistribution of sweating after T2–T3 thoracoscopic sympathicolysis: a study of 210 patients

“…With respect to sympathetic innervation of the head and neck, all the preganglionic fibers from the intermediate-lateral horn of the thoracic spinal cord portion between T1 and T4 pass through the anterior roots and the white rami communicans toward the thoracic sympathetic chain and ascend in the direction of the cervical sympathetic ganglia [4,7,15].…”

A case of unilateral Horner’s syndrome after combined spinal epidural anesthesia with ropivacaine 10mg/mL for cesarean section

“…Ray et al 8 found a substantial individual variability in the innervation of the dilating fibers of the iris. The sympathetic innervation controlling of the dilator pupillae and opening of the eye was found to travel through one or more spinal roots between the levels of C8 and T4.…”