Observations on the Developmental Morphology and Fine Structure of Pit Connections in Red Algae

Hawkins, Eva Konrad

doi:10.1508/cytologia.37.759

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…A single cap layer is visible in published illustrations of pit plugs of Bangia (Sommerfeld and Leeper, 1970;Nichols and Veith, 1978), Porphyra (Bourne, Conway and Cole, 1970;Lee and Fultz, 1970;Lee, 1971;Cole, 1972;Cole and Conway, 1975;Sheath, Hellebust and Sawa, 1977), and Pterocladia (Tripodi, 1971). Illustrations demonstrating an absence of a plug cap have appeared in reports of Bonnemaisonia (Feldmann and Feldmann, 1970;Lee, 1971), Asparagopsis (Feldmann et aI., 1977), Acrosymphyton (Feldmann and Feldmann, 1970), Choreocolax (Kugrens and West, 1973b), Harveyella (Peyriere , 1977;Goff 1976Goff , 1979, Holmsella (Evans, Callow and Callow, 1973;Quirk and Wetherbee, 1980), Prionitis (McBride, Kugrens and West, 1974), Rhizophyllis (Feldmann et aI., 1977), Chondrus (Gordon and McCandless, 1973), Eucheuma (LaClaire and Dawes, 1976), Gracilaria (Quirk and Wetherbee, 1980), Gastroclonium (Feldmann and Feldmann, 1970), Lomentaria (Bouck, 1962), Antithamnion (Dodge, 1973), Bornetia (Priou, 1969), Callithamnion (Feldmann and Feldmann, 1970), Ceramium (Peyriere , 1963;Konrad Hawkins, 1972), Chondria (Feldmann and Feldmann, 1970), Erythrocystis (Kugrens and West, 1972), Griffithsia (Peyriere, 1977), Laurencia…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhodophycean Pit Plugs: An Ultrastructural Survey With Taxonomic Implications

Pueschel

Cole

1982

American J of Botany

105

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The fine structure of pit plugs was examined in 63 species of red algae representing 34 families. The number of plug cap layers was found to be a taxonomically reliable character when tested against a recent revision of the Rhodymeniales which established the order Palmariales. In a broader survey involving all the orders of red algae possessing pit plugs, three basic plug cap configurations were detected. These differ in having one, two, or no plug cap layers. Some taxa have plug caps in which the outer cap layer is greatly elaborated, however, this layer was shown to be positionally and cytochemically identical, thus probably homologous, to the outer cap layer of the typical two-layered plug cap. The pit plug character confirms the validity of the order Palmariales and indicates that the Nemaliales and Cryptonemiales are heterogeneous assemblages. Revision of these groups along lines indicated by the plug character is supported by significant features of morphology and reproduction. These correlations lead us to propose that Rhodophysema and Coriophyllum be transferred to the Palmariales, that the Gelidiales be resurrected, that the Bonnemaisoniales (including the Naccariaceae) is deserving of recognition, that the Batrachospermaceae be raised to a higher rank which will also receive the Lemaneaceae and the Thoreaceae, and that the Corallinaceae and Hildenbrandiaceae both be raised to ordinal status. The authors would like to thank

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhodophycean Pit Plugs: An Ultrastructural Survey With Taxonomic Implications

Pueschel

Cole

1982

American J of Botany

105

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“…These secondary pit connections are known to occur in a wide range of Florideophyceae and form between two genetically similar red algal cells [8,16]. Red algal parasite spores utilize secondary pit connections as a way to enter the cells of the host [8,17,18].…”

Section: The Importance Of Red Algal Pit Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are all red algal parasites cut from the same cloth?

Salomaki

Lane

2014

Acta Soc Bot Pol

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Parasitism is a common life strategy throughout the eukaryotic tree of life. Many devastating human pathogens, including the causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, have evolved from a photosynthetic ancestor. However, how an organism transitions from a photosynthetic to a parasitic life history strategy remains mostly unknown. This is largely because few systems present the opportunity to make meaningful comparisons between a parasite and a close free-living relative. Parasites have independently evolved dozens of times throughout the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta), and often infect close relatives. The accepted evolutionary paradigm proposes that red algal parasites arise by first infecting a close relative and over time diversify and infect more distantly related species. This provides a natural evolutionary gradient of relationships between hosts and parasites that share a photosynthetic common ancestor. Elegant microscopic work in the late 20th century provided detailed insight into the infection cycle of red algal parasites and the cellular interactions between parasites and their hosts. Those studies led to the use of molecular work to further investigate the origins of the parasite organelles and reveal the evolutionary relationships between hosts and their parasites. Here we synthesize the research detailing the infection methods and cellular interactions between red algal parasites and their hosts. We offer an alternative hypothesis to the current dogma of red algal parasite evolution and propose that red algae can adopt a parasitic life strategy through multiple evolutionary pathways, including direct infection of distant relatives. Furthermore, we highlight potential directions for future research to further evaluate parasite evolution in red algae.

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“…Morphological differences in plug shape and size within a single thallus have been reported previously (Hawkins 1972, Feldmann et al 1977, Wetherbee and Kraft 1981 and may be attributed to differences in cell size or presumed transport requirement. In some reproductive tissues of algae, whose plugs normally have cap membranes, membranes may be absent (Peyrikre 1977, Wetherbee 1979, Broadwater and Scott 1982.…”

Section: Pit Connections Except For Lenticular Cells Pit Plugsmentioning

confidence: 59%

PARASITIC INTERACTIONS AND VEGETATIVE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CHOREOAEMA THURETII (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA)¹

Broadwater

LaPointe

1997

Journal of Phycology

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The monotypic coralline red alga, Choreonema thuretii (Bornet) Schmitz (Choreonematoideae), grows endophytically within three geniculate genera of the Corallinoideae. Although the thallus of Choreonema is reduced, lacks diJkentiated plastids, and is endophytic except for its conceptacks, its status as a parasite has been questioned because cellular connections to the host had not been o b served. Transmission electron microscofi, however, disclosed a previously undesm'bed lype of parasitic interaction in which Choreonema interacts with its host through specialized cells known as knticular cells. These small, lens-shaped cells are produced from the single file of hostpenetrating vegetative cells. Pit plug morphology between uegetatiue and 1entiLdar cells is polarized. Plug caps facing the vegetative cell have nonnal coralline moqhology, while those Jizcing the lenticular cell are composed of three layers. Regions of lenticular cells near host cells protrude toward the host cell; upon encountering the host cell wall, the prolrusion produces numerous finger-like jmbriate procesm that make cellular connections with the host cell. Lenticular cells m.ay extend several protrusions toward a hmt cell or penetrate more than one host cell; two or more lenticular cells may also penetrate the same host cell. The lack of secondary pit connections, cell fusims, and passage of parasitic nucki suggest that this parasitic relationship may be evolutionari(y older than previously rqorted cases of parasitism in red algae.

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Observations on the Developmental Morphology and Fine Structure of Pit Connections in Red Algae

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Rhodophycean Pit Plugs: An Ultrastructural Survey With Taxonomic Implications

Rhodophycean Pit Plugs: An Ultrastructural Survey With Taxonomic Implications

Are all red algal parasites cut from the same cloth?

PARASITIC INTERACTIONS AND VEGETATIVE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CHOREOAEMA THURETII (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA)¹

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Observations on the Developmental Morphology and Fine Structure of Pit Connections in Red Algae

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Rhodophycean Pit Plugs: An Ultrastructural Survey With Taxonomic Implications

Rhodophycean Pit Plugs: An Ultrastructural Survey With Taxonomic Implications

Are all red algal parasites cut from the same cloth?

PARASITIC INTERACTIONS AND VEGETATIVE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CHOREOAEMA THURETII (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA)1

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PARASITIC INTERACTIONS AND VEGETATIVE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CHOREOAEMA THURETII (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA)¹