Observations on the development and survival of the free-living stages of <i>Oesophagostomum dentatum</i> both in their natural environments out-of-doors and under controlled conditions in the laboratory

Rose, J. H.; Small, A. J.

doi:10.1017/s0031182000061898

Cited by 31 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…week 24, a reduced survival rate of the larvae, especially at 158C, was observed. Similar studies on larval survival have been made on the closely related nematodes Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Hyostrongylus rubidus (Rose & Small, 1982, 1984 whereby survival rates dropped dramatically between weeks 16 and 24 at 228C and 278C, respectively. Larvae utilize lipids as their primary energy source and the dramatic change in survival rate after 16 weeks is likely to be due to the exhaustion of food reserves.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

The development and overwintering survival of free-living larvae of Haemonchus contortus in Sweden

2005

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Five complimentary studies were undertaken with the overall aim to examine the ability of free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus to over-winter and tolerate cold stress. Two studies deal with the development and long-term survival of eggs and infective larvae of two geographically different isolates (Kenya and Sweden). Eggs and larvae were monitored in climatic chambers at temperatures that fluctuated daily between -1 degrees C and 15 degrees C, or at constant temperatures of 5 degrees C and 15 degrees C. The development from egg to larvae was dependent on temperatures over 5 degrees C. The long time survival was favoured at lower temperatures. Furthermore, the overwintering capacity of the free-living stages of these isolates was estimated under Swedish field conditions. Two groups of lambs were experimentally infected with different isolates, and kept separated on previously ungrazed plots. In early May the following year, two parasite-naive tracer lambs were turned out on each of the plots to estimate the pick up of overwintered larvae. This experiment was replicated in central and southern Sweden. In addition, two experiments were performed in 2003 on pasture previously grazed by naturally infected sheep. One trial was on a pasture in southern Sweden grazed by a commercial flock, where extreme numbers of H. contortus were found towards the end of the grazing season 2002. The other study was on a pasture plot in central Sweden grazed by a hobby flock in 2002, where three of six lambs died due to haemonchiasis. Overwintered H. contortus was recorded on three of four experimental sites. Worm burdens were in all instances extremely low. No differences in development and survival were found between the isolates. Consequently, overwintering on pasture is of no practical significance in the transmission of H. contortus between grazing-seasons in Sweden.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

The development and overwintering survival of free-living larvae of Haemonchus contortus in Sweden

2005

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“…The fact that the EPG remained fairly constant and that no larvae of any of the two species were detected in any sample set up at 5°C at any time during the study period (70 days), indicated that the eggs did not hatch at this temperature. This finding corresponds well with previous studies which have indicated that no development takes place below 5°C either by H. rubidus (Rose & Small, 1982) or Oesophagostomum spp. (Rose & Small, 1980 1986).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This finding corresponds well with previous studies which have indicated that no development takes place below 5°C either by H. rubidus (Rose & Small, 1982) or Oesophagostomum spp. (Rose & Small, 1980 1986). Eggs persisted for a longer period, and the larval recovery was significantly lower at 10°C compared to the higher temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Development of the free-living stages ofHyostrongylus rubidusandOesophagostomumspp. at different temperatures and humidities

et al. 1995

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Faeces containing a mixture of Hyostrongylus rubidus and Oesophagostomum spp. eggs were mixed with vermiculite and water and set up at combinations of different relative humidities (65.5%, 79.5%, 90.0% and 100%) and temperatures (5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C) in order to study the rate of egg hatching and larval development. The study established that the development from egg to infective larva showed similar patterns for the two parasites. Optimum development and survival was in the temperature range from 15°C to 20°C and ata humidities from 79.5 to 95.5%.

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“…Infection is thought to occur via ingestion of L3 within contaminated water, soil, or food. Studies of Oesophagostomum dentatum have demonstrated survival of infective larvae within the environment for up to or greater than 1 year depending on humidity, temperature, and foliage [Rose & Small, ; Waruiru et al, ]. After ingestion, L3 burrow into the intestinal wall and form nodules within which they develop to fourth‐stage larvae (L4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oesophagostomiasis in non‐human primates of Gombe National Park, Tanzania

Terio

Lonsdorf

Kinsel

et al. 2016

American J Primatol

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Oesophagostomum sp. is a parasitic nematode that frequently infects wild chimpanzees. Although nodular lesions are commonly associated with infection, some wild chimpanzee populations seem to tolerate Oesophagostomum nodular lesions while those at Gombe and other sites suffer from associated morbidity and mortality. From August 2004 to December 2013, we examined demographic (i.e., age, sex) and individual correlates (i.e., fecal consistency, Oesophagostomum egg production) to Oesophagostomum-associated pathology in 14 individually recognized chimpanzees at Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. In addition, we characterized Oesophagostomum-associated pathology in 14 individual sympatric primates including baboons, colobus, and cercopithecid monkeys. In five chimpanzees, there was no evidence of any significant underlying disease aside from oesophagostomiasis to explain the thin condition or diarrhea. All five of these chimpanzees had moderate to numerous parasitic nodules. In general, nodules were more numerous in older chimpanzees. Three of four chimpanzees with the highest average Oesophagostomum egg counts in feces collected during the year prior to their death had numerous parasitic nodules at necropsy. In contrast, the four chimpanzees with the lowest egg counts had only moderate numbers of nodules. No association (P =0.74) was noted between frequency of diarrhea in the year prior to death and the number of nodules noted at necropsy. Nodules were also present in all baboons examined documenting pathology associated with Oesophagostomum infection in wild baboons. In contrast, no lesions were noted in colobus or cercopithecid monkeys, although it is uncertain if they are infected as no fecal studies have been completed in these species to date at Gombe. Sequence of DNA isolated from nodules in chimpanzees matched (99%) Oesophagostomum stephanostomum. Further research is needed to identify the types of Oesophagostomum causing lesions in baboons and to determine if baboons suffer from these infections.

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Observations on the development and survival of the free-living stages of Oesophagostomum dentatum both in their natural environments out-of-doors and under controlled conditions in the laboratory

Cited by 31 publications

References 5 publications

The development and overwintering survival of free-living larvae of Haemonchus contortus in Sweden

The development and overwintering survival of free-living larvae of Haemonchus contortus in Sweden

Development of the free-living stages ofHyostrongylus rubidusandOesophagostomumspp. at different temperatures and humidities

Oesophagostomiasis in non‐human primates of Gombe National Park, Tanzania

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