Observations on the activity of sweat glands with special reference to the influence of ageing

Hellon, R. F.; Lind, A. R.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1956.sp005571

Cited by 63 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The age-related decrease in sweat rate does not appear to be due to a decrease in the number of activated sweat glands, 28,29 but rather to a reduction in the amount of sweat produced per gland, as shown by studies in which the sweat glands were stimulated pharmacologically. 28,29,33 Older individuals also experience reductions in evaporative heat loss and overall sweat rate during physical activity. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat stress in older individuals and patients with common chronic diseases

Kenny

Yardley²,

Brown³

et al. 2009

Canadian Medical Association Journal

460

313

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Key points• People with age over 60 years, obesity, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease or long-standing diabetes are at increased risk of heat-related illness during heat waves because of physiological impairments in the regulation of body core temperature in hot conditions.• A homebound lifestyle, lack of contact with other people and decreased mobility can also contribute to an increased risk of heat-related illness.• Working home air conditioners, fans, access to transportation and access to cool environments during prolonged heat events have a protective effect against heat-related illness and deaths.• Physicians should be aware of these risk factors and protective factors against heat illness, and should counsel at-risk patients accordingly.CMAJ 2009. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.081050Previously published at www.cmaj.caReview rise in body core temperature may lead to heat illness and eventually death. Exposure to the combination of external heat stress and metabolically generated heat can lead to heat-related disorders. The prevalence of heat stress symptoms increases in direct proportion to the elevation of body core temperature. The major heat-related disorders -heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heatstroke -involve various degrees of thermoregulatory failure, which occurs when a person is exposed to excessive heat or elevations in body core temperature over a prolonged period. Risk factors for heat stress AgeObservational studies have shown that people aged 60 years and older are among the worst affected by extreme heat, 3−5 with those living in institutions, confined to bed or living alone having the highest rates of illness, injury and death. 5,8,15−17 In their ecological time-series study, Fouillet and associates 2 showed that during the 2003 heat wave in Europe, mortality ratios (ratios of observed deaths to expected deaths) in France increased continuously with age, from 1.3 for people 35-74 years of age to more than 1.7 for those over the age of 75 (Figure 1). Although the greater prevalence of comorbidities and medication use in this population may be responsible for some of the heat-related deaths, laboratory-based physiological studies have indicated that the ability to sense heat 20 and to manifest appropriate behavioural (especially fluid intake) 21−26 and physiological (e.g., blood distribution, sweating) responses 27−33 during exposure to heat may be compromised in otherwise healthy older individuals.The ability to physiologically maintain body core temperature during heat stress becomes compromised with age. 27 This decrease in thermoregulatory ability can be attributed to a combination of factors, including changes in sweating, [28][29][30]34 blood flow to the skin 30,31,34,35 and cardiovascular function. 32The problem can be exacerbated by the decreases in overall physical fitness and increases in body adiposity that may accompany aging. 36 Experts have suggested that, in combination, these age-related changes in thermoregulatory and cardiovascular function can decrease the body's abilit...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat stress in older individuals and patients with common chronic diseases

Kenny

Yardley²,

Brown³

et al. 2009

Canadian Medical Association Journal

460

313

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“…It has also been shown that older men start to sweat later and/or sweat less during exercise in the heat compared to younger men (Hellon and Lind, 1956).…”

Section: Accession Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several of these authors (Hellon and Lind, 1956;Wagner et al, 1972) have concluded that the deficient sweating in older 23.5*C, wb) of four men during 1942 (mean age 31 yr) to the responses of these same individuals some 21 years later. By most of the usual physiological criteria (mean skin and rectal temperatures, and heart rate), these older men showed similar patterns of exercise-heat acclimation and acclimated to about the same extent as when they were younger.…”

Section: Ia-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These authors suggest that the older men displayed a more limited sensitivity and secretory capacity in their sweating -y Ccdes mechanism compared to the younger men which contributed to .,.ador their inferior temperature regulation. Several authors (Drinkwater and Horvath, 1979;Hellon and Lind, 1956;Lind et al, 1970;Wagner et al, 1972) have "suggested that the exercise-heat intolerance observed in older individuals was associated with a deficient sweating mechanism. For instance, Hellon and Lind (1956) compared the onset of sweating for ten younger (18-23 yr) and ten older (44-57 yr) men to passive heating, and reported that sweating onset took twice as long (delayed 15 min) for the older men.…”

Section: Experimental Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several authors (Drinkwater and Horvath, 1979;Hellon and Lind, 1956;Lind et al, 1970;Wagner et al, 1972) have "suggested that the exercise-heat intolerance observed in older individuals was associated with a deficient sweating mechanism. For instance, Hellon and Lind (1956) compared the onset of sweating for ten younger (18-23 yr) and ten older (44-57 yr) men to passive heating, and reported that sweating onset took twice as long (delayed 15 min) for the older men. During exercise-heat stress, sweating rate has been reported to be lower for older individuals (Drinkwater and Horvath, 1979;Lind et al, 1970;Wagner et al, 1972).…”

Section: Experimental Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat Tolerance and Aging with Application to Industrial Jobs

Pandolf¹

1990

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Thermometry, Calorimetry, and Mean Body Temperature during Heat Stress

Kenny¹,

Jay²

2013

Comprehensive Physiology

217

222

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Heat balance in humans is maintained at near constant levels through the adjustment of physiological mechanisms that attain a balance between the heat produced within the body and the heat lost to the environment. Heat balance is easily disturbed during changes in metabolic heat production due to physical activity and/or exposure to a warmer environment. Under such conditions, elevations of skin blood flow and sweating occur via a hypothalamic negative feedback loop to maintain an enhanced rate of dry and evaporative heat loss. Body heat storage and changes in core temperature are a direct result of a thermal imbalance between the rate of heat production and the rate of total heat dissipation to the surrounding environment. The derivation of the change in body heat content is of fundamental importance to the physiologist assessing the exposure of the human body to environmental conditions that result in thermal imbalance. It is generally accepted that the concurrent measurement of the total heat generated by the body and the total heat dissipated to the ambient environment is the most accurate means whereby the change in body heat content can be attained. However, in the absence of calorimetric methods, thermometry is often used to estimate the change in body heat content. This review examines heat exchange during challenges to heat balance associated with progressive elevations in environmental heat load and metabolic rate during exercise. Further, we evaluate the physiological responses associated with heat stress and discuss the thermal and nonthermal influences on the body's ability to dissipate heat from a heat balance perspective.

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Observations on the activity of sweat glands with special reference to the influence of ageing

Cited by 63 publications

References 17 publications

Heat stress in older individuals and patients with common chronic diseases

Heat stress in older individuals and patients with common chronic diseases

Heat Tolerance and Aging with Application to Industrial Jobs

Thermometry, Calorimetry, and Mean Body Temperature during Heat Stress

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