Observations on Lions in the Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania

Makacha, Stephen; Schaller, George B.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1969.tb01198.x

Cited by 34 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It also helps tire the prey so that the predator can easily subdue it at a later stage. Buffaloes, which have been observed to injure and even kill lions (Mangani, ; Mitchell, Shenton & Uys, ; Makacha & Schaller, ) fit such a description. A fourth category of prey includes species which require long times to capture and subdue, but few attempts are generally successful (area IV in Fig.…”

Section: A Framework For Investigating Foraging On Dangerous Preymentioning

confidence: 98%

Dangerous prey and daring predators: a review

2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

How foragers balance risks during foraging is a central focus of optimal foraging studies. While diverse theoretical and empirical work has revealed how foragers should and do manage food and safety from predators, little attention has been given to the risks posed by dangerous prey. This is a potentially important oversight because risk of injury can give rise to foraging costs similar to those arising from the risk of predation, and with similar consequences. Here, we synthesize the literature on how foragers manage risks associated with dangerous prey and adapt previous theory to make the first steps towards a framework for future studies. Though rarely documented, it appears that in some systems predators are frequently injured while hunting and risk of injury can be an important foraging cost. Fitness costs of foraging injuries, which can be fatal, likely vary widely but have rarely been studied and should be the subject of future research. Like other types of risk-taking behaviour, it appears that there is individual variation in the willingness to take risks, which can be driven by social factors, experience and foraging abilities, or differences in body condition. Because of ongoing modifications to natural communities, including changes in prey availability and relative abundance as well as the introduction of potentially dangerous prey to numerous ecosystems, understanding the prevalence and consequences of hunting dangerous prey should be a priority for behavioural ecologists.

show abstract

Section: A Framework For Investigating Foraging On Dangerous Preymentioning

confidence: 98%

Dangerous prey and daring predators: a review

2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, reintroductions of large predators should drive ungulate prey populations toward an evolved predator-prey relationship that would have been present prior to the extirpation of predators. Large African ungulates (i.e., buffalo, Syncerus caffer) are also well adapted to defend themselves against, or even kill, predators (Makacha and Schaller 1969). Therefore, we predict that the relatively unilateral response of northern hemisphere cervids (largely focused on avoiding predators) may not be expressed in those reintroductions where prey species include large, potentially dangerous prey, such as buffalo.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Spatial and temporal changes in group dynamics and range use enable anti‐predator responses in African buffalo

Tambling

Druce

Hayward

et al. 2012

Ecology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. The reintroduction of large predators provides a framework to investigate responses by prey species to predators. Considerable research has been directed at the impact that reintroduced wolves (Canis lupus) have on cervids, and to a lesser degree, bovids, in northern temperate regions. Generally, these impacts alter feeding, activity, and ranging behavior, or combinations of these. However, there are few studies on the response of African bovids to reintroduced predators, and thus, there is limited data to compare responses by tropical and temperate ungulates to predator reintroductions. Using the reintroduction of lion (Panthera leo) into the Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) Main Camp Section, South Africa, we show that Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) responses differ from northern temperate ungulates. Following lion reintroduction, buffalo herds amalgamated into larger, more defendable units; this corresponded with an increase in the survival of juvenile buffalo. Current habitat preference of buffalo breeding herds is for open habitats, especially during the night and morning, when lion are active. The increase in group size and habitat preference countered initial high levels of predation on juvenile buffalo, resulting in a return in the proportion of juveniles in breeding herds to pre-lion levels. Our results show that buffalo responses to reintroduced large predators in southern Africa differ to those of northern temperate bovids or cervids in the face of wolf predation. We predict that the nature of the prey response to predator reintroduction is likely to reflect the trade-off between the predator selection and hunting strategy of predators against the life history and foraging strategies of each prey species.

show abstract

“…Reported lion densities (measured according to numbers of adults and sub-adults per 100 km2) range from 0.17 in the Savuti region of Botswana's Chobe National Park (Viljoen 1993) to 1 S-2 (Kalahari Gemsbok NP: Mills et al 1978;Etosha NP: Stander 1991) to 3-10 and up to 18 in east and southern African protected areas (Makacha and Schaller 1969, Schaller 1972, Rudnai 1973, Rodgers 1974, Smuts 1976, van Orsdol et al 1985, H. Jachmann in ht. 1993.…”

Section: Habitat and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Major large ungulate prey species recorded in east, cenMajor large ungulate prey species recorded in east, central, and southern Africa include buffalo, zebra, wildetral, and southern Africa include buffalo, zebra, wildebeest, roan, sable, springbok, gemsbok, kob, impala, beest, roan, sable, springbok, gemsbok, kob, impala, warthog, waterbuck, and hartebeest (Mitchell et al 1965, warthog, waterbuck, and hartebeest (Mitchell et al 1965, Makacha and Schaller 1969, de Pienaar 1969, Schaller Makacha and Schaller 1969, de Pienaar 1969, Schaller 1972, Eloff 1973a, Rodgers 1974, Rudnai 1974, Bertram 1972, Eloff 1973a, Rodgers 1974, Rudnai 1974, Bertram 1978, Berry 1981, van Orsdol 1982, Smuts 1982, Berry 1981, van Orsdol 1982, Smuts 1982, McBride 1984, Mills 1984, Fagotto 1985, Prins and Iason McBride 1984, Mills 1984, Fagotto 1985, Prins and Iason 1989, Ruggiero 1991, Stander 1992a, Scheel 1993, Viljoen 1989, Ruggiero 1991, Stander 1992a, Scheel 1993, Viljoen 1993. While medium to large-sized ungulates make up the bulk of their diet, lions, like leopards, are generalist hunters, and will take a wide range of prey, from small rodents (Elo...…”

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%