Observations on Experimental Shock

Holt, Rhonda L.; Macdonald, A. D.

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3832.1070

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Presumably this is brought about by the action of chemical substances liberated locally by tissue breakdown. Holt and MacDonald (10) state that there is no evidence that such substances enter the systemic circulation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Loss in Rats With Tourniquet Shock 1

Koletsky

Gustafson²

1946

J. Clin. Invest.

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Release of a high unilateral tourniquet producing complete interruption of blood flow to a hind limb of the rat for about 5 hours almost invariably results in fatal shock. The development of shock is accompanied by progressive edema of the limb. The main object of the following experiments was to determine the magnitude and the rapidity of the fluid loss in the injured extremity. METHODSAdult white male rats weighing about 150 to 300 grams were used. These were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, given intraperitoneally in dosage of 25 to 35 mgm. per kgm. of body weight (0.3 to 0.4 ml. of a 2 per cent solution). Circulation in the left lower extremity was then entirely occluded by 2 tightly wound rubber band tourniquets. The first was placed around the knee in order to obtain extension of the leg. This facilitated the application of the second tourniquet, which was placed as high as possible in the groin, anchorage being obtained over a redundant segment of skin drawn down beneath the rubber band.Constriction was maintained for 5 hours and 10 minutes, at the end of which time the rats were alert and showed complete outward recovery from the anesthesia. The animals were then sacrificed by decapitation, either without release of tourniquet, or at fixed time intervals after release, i.e., 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 1, 2 and 3 hours. The experiments were performed with small groups of rats sacrificed at different periods by random selection, until there was a total of 20 rats for each time interval.In each group there were 1 or more control rats which developed shock after removal of tourniquet and went on to death. Since these yielded only little blood at the time of death, an additional group of 11 rats was sacrificed at 5 to 6 hours following removal of constriction, in order to obtain sufficiEnt blood for chemical determinations. In 18 rats sacrificed by ether at various intervals after tourniquet release, the figures for fluid loss were of the same order as those obtained from decapitated animals.There were a few deaths apparently due to anesthesia. In addition, several rats which chewed their leg before or after removal of tourniquet were discarded. Food and water were withheld for a period of about 10 hours be-1 Aided by a grant from the Elisabeth Severance Prentiss Foundation.fore anesthesia was given, and also during the course ot the experiments. The latter were performed at room temperature during the summer and autumn seasons.The amount of fluid lost in the leg following removal of tourniquet was determined by the method of bisection (1, 2). An anterior midline incision was made from sternum to symphysis pubis and follow.ed by evisceration. A similar posterior midline incision extended down across the base of the tail. The spine was then transected at about the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra, and the lower extremities separated by bilateral paravertebral incisions passing through the hip joints.The difference in weight between the normal and the edematous extremity gave the gain in wei...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Loss in Rats With Tourniquet Shock 1

Koletsky

Gustafson²

1946

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Bayliss and Cannon showed in 1918 that shock followed severe traumatizati.on of the animal's leg with nerves cut but blood vessels intact, and concluded that this shock resulted from toxic absorption. Holt and Macdonald in 1934 repeated these experiments with negative results. M. I.…”

Section: Findings Of Shock Committee In 1917mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…He also states that Cramer and Crowden have shown that these glands are exhausted by cold. Holt and Macdonald (1934) also say that, in experimental shock, " if no attempt was made to sustain the normal body temperature, shock was maintained much more readily." Pain In war wounds pain is always present, but it is difficult to estimate this factor by itself.…”

Section: Findings Of Shock Committee In 1917mentioning

confidence: 99%