Observations of turbulent air flow in three stands of widely spaced Sitka spruce

Prediction of wind environment and thermal comfort at pedestrian level in urban area

“…eq. (26) in Table 5) affects much on the prediction accuracy [110], and considerable difference was observed between the values adopted in the previous researches [96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108]. The C pε was optimized by the present authors and predicted results were compared with experimental results.…”

“…The proposed vehicle canopy model was derived based on the k-ε model, in which extra terms were added into the transport equations. Similarly to the tree canopy model [96][97][98][99][100][101]107,110], the extra term "-F i " was added in the momentum equation, cf. Table 8, which produced the effect of moving automobiles on velocity change.…”

“…Where, P k : production of k within canopy (=<u i >F i ) D k : a sink term to express the turbulence energy loss within canopy [100] In Types A and D, F ε is modeled by using the length scale "L" within canopy.…”

“…The model coefficients adopted in the extra term added to the transport equation of energy dissipation rate, ε, were optimized by comparing the numerical results with field measurements. The four selected tree canopy models [96][97][98][99][100][101]107] are based on k-ε model as given in Table 7. Table 7.…”

“…It reduces strong wind around high-rise buildings, improves outdoor thermal comfort, etc. In order to reproduce the effects of trees, a lot of researches have been conducted [96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110]. Prof. Hiraoka is one of the pioneers in this research field.…”