Observations of the Urban Heat Island Effect in New York City

Bornstein, Robert D.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1968)007<0575:ootuhi>2.0.co;2

Cited by 436 publications

(215 citation statements)

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“…11 we compare urban temperature excesses in New York City, Montreal and Columbus observed near sunrise by helicopters. Data are referred to Bornstein (1968), Oke and East (1971) and McElroy (1973), respectively. Each temperature profile for Columbus is based on a single sounding.…”

Section: Application To the Atmospheric Convection Due To The Urban Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Steady Convections Over Heat and Cool Islands

Kimura

1975

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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This paper concerns with properties of a thermal convection in a stably stratified Boussinesq fluid caused by partial heating or cooling of the lower boundary. For infinitesimal heating (cooling) the convective motion can be described by a linear theory. Introducing a suitable scaling, it is shown that the convection is controlled mainly by a non-dimensional parameter, R=ag*l4/k* where * is the vertical temperature gradient in the basic state, l is the half-width of the heated (cooled) area and the other symbols have conventional meanings. The convective motion is confined to the "frictional depth" introduced by Stommel and Veronis (1957). For a single slab-symmetric heating (cooling) the thickness (the lowest height at which the temperature perturbation vanishes) is given by hT=3.6 R-l/6 and the maximum horizontal velocity by u*max= 0.25,*\Th\ where Pr= */k and Th is the temperature difference between the heated (cooled) area and the surrounding area. The width of the upward (downward) motion area is close to the horizontal scale of the forcing area.The convection patterns for the finite-amplitude heating (cooling) were investigated by means of laboratory and numerical experiments for |Th|**l.It was observed that increase of the thickness of the boundary layer with Th is small. As for the convection caused by heating, however, the width of the upward motion area decreases with the increase of Th until the magnitude of the upward motion becomes comparable with that of the horizontal motion. As for the convection caused by cooling, the width of the downward motion area increases with |T h|, but the essential features of the convection pattern are similar to those for the infinitesimal cooling.These results are compared with available data of the convection due to the urban heat island effect.

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Section: Application To the Atmospheric Convection Due To The Urban Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Steady Convections Over Heat and Cool Islands

Kimura

1975

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…Oke 1981; Lee, 1981;Oke, 1987;Eliasson and Holmer, 1990;HaegerEugensson and Holmer, 1999). A general concept describing differences in atmospheric structure between urban and rural areas was formulated based on several measurements studies over different cities (e.g., Bornstein, 1968;Bornstein and Azie, 1981;Draxler, 1986;King and Russell, 1988;Saitoh et al, 1996;Shahgedanova et al, 1997). Modifications in the thermal and turbulent structure of the atmosphere above a city (and downwind) have a significant impact on pollutant concentration patterns in proximity to conurbations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of urban parameterization on high resolution air quality forecast with the GEM – AQ model

Strużewska

Kaminski

2012

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of urban cover on high-resolution air quality forecast simulations with the GEM-AQ (Global Environmental Multiscale and Air Quality) model. The impact of urban area on the ambient atmosphere is non-stationary, and short-term variability of meteorological conditions may result in significant changes of the observed intensity of urban heat island and pollutant concentrations. In this study we used the Town Energy Balance (TEB) parameterization to represent urban effects on modelled meteorological and air quality parameters at the final nesting level with horizontal resolution of ∼5 km over Southern Poland. Three one-day cases representing different meteorological conditions were selected and the model was run with and without the TEB parameterization. Three urban cover categories were used in the TEB parameterization: mid-high buildings, very low buildings and low density suburbs. Urban cover layers were constructed based on an area fraction of towns in a grid cell. To analyze the impact of urban parameterization on modelled meteorological and air quality parameters, anomalies in the lowest model layer for the air temperature, wind speed and pollutant concentrations were calculated. Anomalies of the specific humidity fields indicate that the use of the TEB parameterization leads to a systematic reduction of moisture content in the air. Comparison with temperature and wind speed measurements taken at urban background monitoring stations shows that application of urban parameterization improves model results. For primary pollutants the impact of urban areas is most significant in regions characterized with high emissions. In most cases the anomalies of NO 2 and CO concentrations were negative. This reduction is most likely caused by an enhanced vertical mixing due to elevated surface temperature and modified vertical stability.

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“…A row of Kaizukahort trees planted close to the western wall of a building in Fukuoka, Japan intercepted 95% of the incident solar radiation thus, shading the building against afternoon sun (11). Tree shade reduced residential cooling energy savings in Sacramento, USA by 30% (12).…”

Section: Passive Cooling Of the Ambient Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Scope for Future Research on Urban Greening in India-AComparative Perspective with Global Greening Initiatives

2017

IJRCMCE

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Observations of the Urban Heat Island Effect in New York City

Cited by 436 publications

References 0 publications

Dynamics of Steady Convections Over Heat and Cool Islands

Dynamics of Steady Convections Over Heat and Cool Islands

Impact of urban parameterization on high resolution air quality forecast with the GEM – AQ model

Identifying Scope for Future Research on Urban Greening in India-AComparative Perspective with Global Greening Initiatives

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