Observations of the surface of dental calculus using scanning electron microscopy.

Shirato, Masayuki; Kamishikiryo, Kiyoharu; Itoh, Akira; Kado, Hideto; Maeda, Yutaka; Sekiguchi, Tetsuo; Fukui, Keiichiro; Takezawa, Takeshi

doi:10.2334/josnusd1959.23.179

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The presence of tubular holes in calculus was also reported by Shirato et al, (1981), These holes appeared to be areas of uncalcified bacteria surrounded by calcified matrix. Areas were also noted where the bacteria were calcified but were surrounded by a non calcified space.…”

Section: Morphofogic Studiessupporting

confidence: 60%

Calculus revisited

Mandel

Gaffar

1986

J Clinic Periodontology

109

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Although there is no doubt that gingivitis can develop in the absence of supragingival calculus, it is not clear to what extent the presence of mineralized deposit enhances gingival inflammation. Partial inhibition of plaque mineralization can be accomplished by chemical agents, but there has been no demonstration in humans of a reduction in gingivitis. It remains to be established what level of inhibition (if any) is required to have more than a cosmetic effect. Since the accepted scenario is that apical growth of supragingival plaque precedes the formation of subgingival calculus, there is no longer an issue of whether subgingival calculus is the cause or the result of periodontal disease. Subgingival mineralization results from the interaction of subgingival plaque with the influx of mineral salts that is part of the serum transudate and inflammatory exudate. This chronology, however, should not be the basis for relegating calculus to the ash heap. Morphologic and analytical studies point to the porosity of calculus and retention of bacterial antigens and the presence of readily available toxic stimulators of bone resorption. When coupled with the increased build up of plaque on the surface of the calculus, the combination has the potential for extending (beyond that of plaque alone) the radius of destruction and the rate of displacement of the adjacent junctional epithelium. The centrality of thorough scaling and root planing in the successful maintenance of periodontal health supports the view that subgingival calculus contributes significantly to the chronicity and progression of the disease, even if it can no longer be considered as responsible for initiation.

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Section: Morphofogic Studiessupporting

confidence: 60%

Calculus revisited

Mandel

Gaffar

1986

J Clinic Periodontology

109

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“…The result is a dense crystalline structure that is relatively inert and resistant to microbial attack, enzymatic action, and non-acidic chemical alteration 46 . Although the surface of dental calculus remains porous 47 , penetration of substances towards the internal layers of the calculus matrix is restricted 48 , which may account for its high DNA preservation qualities. Calculus is not an entirely closed system, however.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential preservation of endogenous human and microbial DNA in dental calculus and dentin

Mann

Sabin

Ziesemer

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

101

146

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Dental calculus (calcified dental plaque) is prevalent in archaeological skeletal collections and is a rich source of oral microbiome and host-derived ancient biomolecules. Recently, it has been proposed that dental calculus may provide a more robust environment for DNA preservation than other skeletal remains, but this has not been systematically tested. In this study, shotgun-sequenced data from paired dental calculus and dentin samples from 48 globally distributed individuals are compared using a metagenomic approach. Overall, we find DNA from dental calculus is consistently more abundant and less contaminated than DNA from dentin. The majority of DNA in dental calculus is microbial and originates from the oral microbiome; however, a small but consistent proportion of DNA (mean 0.08 ± 0.08%, range 0.007–0.47%) derives from the host genome. Host DNA content within dentin is variable (mean 13.70 ± 18.62%, range 0.003–70.14%), and for a subset of dentin samples (15.21%), oral bacteria contribute > 20% of total DNA. Human DNA in dental calculus is highly fragmented, and is consistently shorter than both microbial DNA in dental calculus and human DNA in paired dentin samples. Finally, we find that microbial DNA fragmentation patterns are associated with guanine-cytosine (GC) content, but not aspects of cellular structure.

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“…The presence of calcified masses with a spongy appearance and containing empty spaces representing the former sites of entombed and degenerated organisms was noted in morphological studies . Moreover, the presence of tubular holes was reported . These holes appeared to be the areas of nonmineralized bacteria surrounded by a calcified matrix.…”

Section: Development and Structure Of Dental Calculusmentioning

confidence: 90%

Dental calculus: the calcified biofilm and its role in disease development

Akcalı¹,

Lang²

2017

Periodontology 2000

100

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Dental calculus represents the first fossilized record of bacterial communities as a testimony of evolutionary biology. The development of dental calculus is a dynamic process that starts with a nonmineralized biofilm which eventually calcifies. Nonmineralized dental biofilm entraps particles from the oral cavity, including large amounts of oral bacteria, human proteins, viruses and food remnants, and preserves their DNA. The process of mineralization involves metabolic activities of the bacterial colonies and strengthens the attachment of nonmineralized biofilms to the tooth surface. From a clinical point of view, dental calculus always harbors a living, nonmineralized biofilm, jeopardizing the integrity of the dento-gingival or implanto-mucosal unit. This narrative review presents a brief historical overview of dental calculus formation and its clinical relevance in modern periodontal practice.

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Observations of the surface of dental calculus using scanning electron microscopy.

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Calculus revisited

Calculus revisited

Differential preservation of endogenous human and microbial DNA in dental calculus and dentin

Dental calculus: the calcified biofilm and its role in disease development

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