Observations of Aerosols over Southern California Coastal Waters

Hidy, George M.; Mueller, Peter; Karney, J.; Twiss, SuzAnne; Imada, M.; Alcocer, A.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1974)013<0096:ooaosc>2.0.co;2

Cited by 40 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Liousse et al (1996) and Chung and Seinfeld (2002) are depicted by open squares and closed diamonds, respectively. Measurements taken from: Hidy et al, 1974;Hoffmann and Duce, 1974;1977;Ketseridis et al, 1976;Chesselet et al, 1981;Andreae, 1982;1983;Andreae et al, 1984;Dzubay et al, 1984;Ohta and Okita, 1984;Cachier et al, 1986;1990;1994;Japar et al, 1986;Wolff et al, 1986;Clarke, 1989;Mukai et al, 1990;Novakov and Penner, 1993;Chow et al, 1994;Liousse et al, 1996;Novakov et al, 1997;Castro et al, 1999;Molnár et al, 1999;Kim et al, 2000;Puxbaum et al, 2000. (b) Comparison of OC calculations in case S1.8 with observations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global modelling of secondary organic aerosol in the troposphere: a sensitivity analysis

2003

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Abstract.A global 3-dimensional chemistry/transport model able to describe O 3 , NO x , Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), sulphur and NH 3 chemistry has been extended to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of primary and secondary carbonaceous aerosols in the troposphere focusing on Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation. A number of global simulations have been performed to determine a possible range of annual global SOA production and investigate uncertainties associated with the model results. The studied uncertainties in the SOA budget have been evaluated to be in decreasing importance: the potentially irreversible sticking of the semi-volatile compounds on aerosols, the enthalpy of vaporization of these compounds, the partitioning of SOA on non-carbonaceous aerosols, the conversion of aerosols from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, the emissions of primary carbonaceous aerosols, the chemical fate of the first generation products and finally the activity coefficient of the condensable species. The large uncertainties associated with the emissions of VOC and the adopted simplification of chemistry have not been investigated in this study. Although not all sources of uncertainties have been investigated, according to our calculations, the above factors within the experimental range of variations could result to an overall uncertainty of about a factor of 20 in the global SOA budget. The global annual SOA production from biogenic VOC might range from 2.5 to 44.5 Tg of organic matter per year, whereas that from anthropogenic VOC ranges from 0.05 to 2.62 Tg of organic matter per year. These estimates can be considered as a lower limit, since partitioning on coarse particles like nitrate, dust or sea-salt, together with the partitioning and the dissociation of the semi-volatile products in aerosol water has been neglected. Comparison of model results to observations, where available, shows a better agreement for the upper budget estimates than for the lower ones.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global modelling of secondary organic aerosol in the troposphere: a sensitivity analysis

2003

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“…Acronyms for the sites are explained in . A 1 Hidy et al [1974], 2 Pinnick et al [1993], 3–13 Malm et al [1994], B 1 Bahrmann and Saxena [1998], 2 Keeler et al [1990], 3 Chýlek et al [1996], 4–13 Malm et al [1994], C 1 Lavanchy et al [1999], 2 Castro et al [1999], 3–4 Cachier et al [1989a], 5 Cachier et al [1990] D 1–3 Zappoli et al [1999], 4 Brorström‐Lundén et al [1994] 5 Raunemaa et al [1993], E 1 Kim et al [1999], 2,4 Ohta and Okita [1984], 3,6 Parungo et al [1994], 5 Mukai et al [1990], F 1,9 Andreae et al [1984], 2 Wolff et al [1986], 3 Lyubovtseva and Yatskovich [1989], 4 Noone and Clarke [1988], 5 Pertuisot [1997], 6 Heintzenberg [1982], 7 Polissar [1993], 8 Cachier et al [1990].…”

Section: Comparison Of the Carbonaceous Model With Measured Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is good agreement between the model and the measurements in this region. The greatest discrepancy is for the site at Saint Nicholas Island (site 1) [ Hidy et al , 1974]. Saint Nicholas Island is just offshore of Los Angeles and may therefore be heavily influenced by this large source area.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Carbonaceous Model With Measured Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acronyms for the sites are explained in . A 1 Hidy et al [1974], 2–11 Malm et al [1994], B 1 Keeler et al [1990], 2–10 Malm et al [1994], C 1 Castro et al [1999], 2–3 Cachier et al [1989b], 4 Berner et al [1996] D 1 Zappoli et al [1999], 2 Brorström‐Lundén et al [1994], E 1 Kim et al [1999], 2–3 Ohta and Okita [1984], 4 Mukai et al [1990], F 1 Andreae et al [1984], 2 Wolff et al [1986], 3 Hoffman and Duce [1977], 4 Pertuisot [1997], 5 Cachier et al [1990].…”

Section: Comparison Of the Carbonaceous Model With Measured Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A general circulation model study of the global carbonaceous aerosol distribution

2002

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[1] Atmospheric distributions of carbonaceous aerosols are simulated using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory SKYHI general circulation model (GCM) (latitude-longitude resolution of $3°Â 3.6°). A number of systematic analyses are conducted to investigate the seasonal and interannual variability of the concentrations at specific locations and to investigate the sensitivity of the distributions to various physical parameters. Comparisons are made with several observational data sets. At four specific sites (Mace Head, Mauna Loa, Sable Island, and Bondville) the monthly mean measurements of surface concentrations of black carbon made over several years reveal that the model simulation registers successes as well as failures. Comparisons are also made with averages of measurements made over varying time periods, segregated by geography and rural/remote locations. Generally, the mean measured remote surface concentrations exceed those simulated. Notwithstanding the large variability in measurements and model simulations, the simulations of both black and organic carbon tend to be within about a factor of 2 at a majority of the sites. There are major challenges in conducting comparisons with measurements due to inadequate sampling at some sites, the generally short length of the observational record, and different methods used for estimating the black and organic carbon amounts. The interannual variability in the model and in the few such measurements available points to the need for doing multiyear modeling and to the necessity of comparing with long-term measurements. There are very few altitude profile measurements; notwithstanding the large uncertainties, the present comparisons suggest an overestimation by the model in the free troposphere. The global column burdens of black and organic carbon in the present standard model integration are lower than in previous studies and thus could be regarded as approximately bracketing a lower end of the simulated anthropogenic burden due to these classes of aerosols, based on the current understanding of the carbonaceous aerosol cycle. Of the physical factors examined, the intensity and frequency of precipitation events are critical in governing the column burdens. Biases in the frequency of precipitation are likely the single biggest cause of discrepancies between simulation and observations. This parameter is available from very few sites and thus lacks a comprehensive global data set, unlike, say, monthly mean precipitation. Several multiyear GCM integrations have been performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the global mean black carbon distribution to the principal aerosol parameters, with due regard to variability and statistical significance. The most sensitive parameters, in order of importance, turn out to be the wet deposition, transformation from hydrophobic to hydrophilic state, and the partitioning of the emitted aerosol between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic varieties. From the sensitivity tests, it is estimated that the variations of the global mean co...

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“…The magnification was measured in the laboratory by sampling monodisperse NaC1 particles produced by using a vibrating orifice generator (TSI 50A); one half of the filter that had sampled the test particles was developed by the technique already described, and the spot size distribution was assessed, whereas the other half of the filter was used for a determination of the size distribution of the sampled particles. Previous measurements of marine aerosol composition have shown a nonnegligible chlorine loss from filters [Hidy et al, 1974;Patterson et al, 1980]; such loss would have markedly affected our results, since we intended to use chloride particle data to determine the sea salt mass concentration. However, the greatest chlorine losses occur in polluted atmospheres characterized by high NO2 concentrations [Martens et al, 1973] and in particles in the small size range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of aerosols in marine environments (Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean)

Prodi¹,

Santachiara²,

Oliosi³

1983

J. Geophys. Res.

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A study of the aerosol in different marine environments was performed during a scientific cruise on the vessel Salerrnurn from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean (January 1 to February 27, 1979). The aerosol particles were sampled on membrane filters and in a single-stage impactor. The particles on the filters were analyzed for soluble Mg, Ca, K, Na; for mineral aerosol mass concentration; and for chloride particles. An elemental analysis, using the microprobe attached to the scanning electron microscope (SEM), was carried out. The aerosol particle size distribution was determined from the photographs of the filter surface taken by the SEM. The concentration of the ice-forming nuclei was measured by developing the filters in a static diffusion chamber. Chloride particles were also independently detected on the single-stage impactor slides. The data, also discussed in association with the atmospheric turbidity measurements taken during the same cruise, give a clear picture of the aerosol characteristics, which reflect in a detailed and sensitive way the origin of the air mass in which they were sampled. few observations have been made in environments undisturbed by human activity, such as the Southern Hemisphere, and the open oceans and wide continental areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, since the few data available mostly refer to total aerosol mass concentration, they are of little use for studying the effects of aerosol on cloud microphysics and radiation or for understanding basic processes such as the transfer of particulate matter from seawater to air, the long-range transport of the continental component, or the relative contribution of the different sources to the background aerosol. The vessel Salemum was scheduled to sail to the Indian Ocean to perform radiosonde launchings as a part of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP); space onboard was made available to research teams, and the opportunity was taken to perform samplings and observations in order to contribute to a better knowledge of the geographic climatology of aerosols in areas where few measurements have been performed. In fact the only data previously available were obtained by Sadasivan [1978] in the Arabian Sea, at latitudes greater than 20øN, and by Prospero [1979] in the Bengali Gulf. The region is of particular interest, considering the great importance of the Sahara desert as a source of mineral dust which is transported over great distances. Outbreaks of Sahara dust ober the North Atlantic Ocean have been investigated by several authors [Jaenicke and Schutz, 1978; Prospero and Carlson, 1972; Carlson and Prospero, 1972, among others], whereas Sahara dust transport eastward, though apparent from satellite observations, has been studied much less. Furthermore, the opportunity to spend a relatively long sampling period at latitude 0 ø in order to investigate aerosol characteristics in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) was considered of interest. This paper presents the results of the analysis of several seri...

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Observations of Aerosols over Southern California Coastal Waters

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Global modelling of secondary organic aerosol in the troposphere: a sensitivity analysis

Global modelling of secondary organic aerosol in the troposphere: a sensitivity analysis

A general circulation model study of the global carbonaceous aerosol distribution

Characterization of aerosols in marine environments (Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean)

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