Observations Concerning the Microbial Etiology of Acute Salpingitis

Soper, David E.; Brockwell, Nancy J.; Dalton, Harry P.; Johnson, Dana

doi:10.1097/00006254-199410000-00016

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…4 The microorganisms of bacterial vaginosis are commonly isolated from the upper genital tract of patients with acute salpingitis, and bacterial vaginosis is a frequent concurrent diagnosis in patients with PID. 72 The association of bacterial vaginosis with PID is controversial, and other studies have disputed bacterial vaginosis as an etiology of PID. 73 The finding of an increased incidence of plasma cell endometritis in women with bacterial vaginosis is supportive of an association between bacterial vaginosis and upper genital tract infection.…”

Section: Bacterial Vaginosis Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and management of vaginitis

1998

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

V aginitis is a common medical problem in women that is associated with substantial discomfort and frequent medical visits. Roughly 5 to 10 million office visits per year are attributed to vaginitis. 1 Research in recent years has increased our understanding of the disease process and its potential sequelae and resulted in improved diagnostic and treatment modalities. 2-6 Nevertheless, adequate diagnosis and treatment of vaginitis in the office setting often is problematic for practitioners. 2,5,7-9 Moreover, the availability of over-the-counter medications for fungal vaginitis has increased the likelihood that women will come to medical attention with partially or inadequately treated infections. 10 We will focus on the common infectious causes of vaginal discharge-yeast infection, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomonas infection, emphasizing new developments in diagnosis, associated complications, and treatment of these infections.The initial evaluation of vaginal discharge requires an understanding of physiologic vaginal discharge and what differentiates it from abnormal, pathologic discharge. Substances from the vulvar, sebaceous, sweat, Bartholin's and Skene's glands, as well as exfoliated cells, cervical mucus, and secretions of the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes constitute the normal physiologic secretions of the vagina. These secretions pool in the posterior fornix and do not adhere to the vaginal walls. 11 The pH of normal vaginal secretions in women of childbearing age is between 3.8 and 4.5. The presence of sperm, blood, amniotic fluid, or cervical mucus raises the vaginal pH. 11 The amount and fluidity of the discharge can vary over the menstrual cycle. Cervical mucus becomes more fluid around ovulation, and women frequently mistake this change in consistency for an abnormal discharge. Stress increases the rate of vaginal desquamation and thus the amount of discharge, which patients can also mistake for a pathologic discharge. 12 Women generally do not have other symptoms if their discharge is physiologic.In contrast, a pathologic discharge adheres to the vaginal walls and is often accompanied by irritation, pruritus, odor, or urinary symptoms such as dysuria or frequency. 6 The discharge can be thick to watery and frothy, and white to yellow, gray, or green. 11 Causes of an abnormal discharge include infectious causes of vaginitis such as yeast infection, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomonas infection, as well as cervicitis and sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and chlamydia infection. Noninfectious etiologies include chemical irritants such

show abstract

Section: Bacterial Vaginosis Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and management of vaginitis

1998

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[15][16][17] Following the primary infection a milieu is formed for other aerobic and anaerobic organisms to produce a secondary infection by staphylococcal spp., streptococcal spp., coliforms, and hemophilus influenza organisms. Anaerobes such as fusobacterium, peptococus, and variety of clostridium organisms have also been implicated.…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pelvic inflammatory disease, correlation between clinical and laparoscopic diagnosis – A review.

Tamunomie¹

2013

IOSR-JDMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…(especially P. bivius, P. disiens, and P. capillosus), Mobiluncus sp., blackpigmented anaerobic Gram-negative rods, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, and mycoplasmas [43]. Multiple investigations have demonstrated an association between BV and acute PID [31,35,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. In addition, use of a broad-range 16SrDNA polymerase chain reaction to identify uncultivable bacteria has identified bacterial 16S sequences of anaerobic bacteria associated with BV in the fallopian tube of women with laparoscopically confirmed acute PID [52].…”

Section: Etiology Of Pidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others suggest that anaerobic coverage should be provided to all women with acute PID [1]. Clearly anaerobic bacteria have been demonstrated in the upper genital tract of women with acute PID with anaerobic bacteria recovered from the upper genital tract in 13% to 78% of women with PID [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. In addition, anaerobes (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis) have caused tubal damage in vitro studies [1].…”

Section: Treatment Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Sweet¹

1997

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), one of the most common infections in nonpregnant women of reproductive age, remains an important public health problem. It is associated with major long-term sequelae, including tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. In addition, treatment of acute PID and its complications incurs substantial health care costs. Prevention of these long-term sequelae is dependent upon development of treatment strategies based on knowledge of the microbiologic etiology of acute PID. It is well accepted that acute PID is a polymicrobic infection. The sexually transmitted organisms, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, are present in many cases, and microorganisms comprising the endogenous vaginal and cervical flora are frequently associated with PID. This includes anaerobic and facultative bacteria, similar to those associated with bacterial vaginosis. Genital tract mycoplasmas, most importantly Mycoplasma genitalium, have recently also been implicated as a cause of acute PID. As a consequence, treatment regimens for acute PID should provide broad spectrum coverage that is effective against these microorganisms.

show abstract

Observations Concerning the Microbial Etiology of Acute Salpingitis

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation and management of vaginitis

Evaluation and management of vaginitis

Pelvic inflammatory disease, correlation between clinical and laparoscopic diagnosis – A review.

Treatment of Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About