“…Prior studies examining the overlap between survey and observation measures typically apply correlational techniques (e.g., Downer et al, 2015;Ferguson & Danielson, 2014;Howard, Conway, & Maxwell, 1985;Kane & Staiger, 2012;Martínez, Schweig, & Goldschmidt, 2016;Maulana & Helms-Lorenz, 2016;Murray, 1983;Polikoff, 2015;Van der Lans, 2018) and uncover modestly sized associations between survey and classroom observation total scores. Studies that further decomposed the construct teaching quality into smaller factors have reported associations of similar size.…”