Observational Study Designs: Synopsis for Selecting an Appropriate Study Design

Rezigalla, Assad Ali

doi:10.7759/cureus.6692

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Being a retrospective observational study, we cannot establish a causal association. 36 Data of coverage estimates may be biased due to underestimation or overestimation of applied doses, population migration or inaccurate population estimates, among others. 37 Penta1 and Penta3 coverage for the month of December of 2020 was not available at the time of analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine infant vaccinations in the Dominican Republic

Colomé-Hidalgo

Campos

Miguel

2021

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, millions of infants are unprotected against immune-preventable diseases due to interruptions in vaccination services. The direct effects of the pandemic, as well as the non-pharmacological interventions for its containment, mitigation and suppression adopted by many countries, have affected their vaccination programs. We conducted an ecological study analyzing the performance of the vaccination program in the Dominican Republic before ( 2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020). We compared annual public coverage data, analyzed trends and changes in coverage, dropout rate, and number of partially and unvaccinated infants by geographic area and COVID-19 incidence rate. Compared to baseline, coverage for all vaccines decreased by 10.4 (SD, 3.6) percent; among these, coverage for the third dose of the pentavalent vaccine decreased from 90.1% in 2019 to 81.1% in 2020. The number of partially vaccinated (n = 34,185) and unvaccinated (n = 5,593) infants increased 66% and 376%, respectively. The slight increase in the annual dropout rate (1.1%) was directly proportional to the number of COVID-19 cases per month. We found a significant association between the annual absolute change of Penta3 and the subnational Human Development Index. The pandemic significantly weakened the performance of the routine vaccination program. Interventions are needed to recover and maintain lost vaccination coverage, reducing the risk of outbreaks of preventable diseases, especially in those provinces with less human development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine infant vaccinations in the Dominican Republic

Colomé-Hidalgo

Campos

Miguel

2021

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…A case series analysis reports on data from a series of similar individual cases, and this type of observational method is appropriate when examining rare outcomes. 21 While the primary focus for analysis was reported use of medication with the primary intention of hastening the patient's death, and characteristics of these cases (including doctors' classification of practices), we examined all responses for each individual case. After this a cross-case analysis was undertaken to examine relevant themes, commonalities and differences across the cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intentional hastening of death through medication: a case series analysis of Victorian deaths prior to the Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017

Willmott

White

Feeney

et al. 2021

Internal Medicine Journal

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Background: Voluntary assisted dying is lawful in Victoria in limited circumstances and commences in Western Australia in mid-2021. There is evidence that in rare cases, unlawful assisted dying practices occur in Australia.Aims: To determine whether assisted dying practices occurred in Victoria in the 12 months prior to the commencement of the Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017 (Vic) ('VAD Act'), and to examine features of any identified cases.Methods: Exploratory case series of adult patients in Victoria who died between May 2018 and 18 June 2019 as a result of medication administered with the primary intention of hastening death. Cases were identified from a self-administered survey about medical end-of-life decisions for adult patients, completed by Victorian specialists treating adults at the end of life. We examined reported use of medication with the primary intention of hastening the patient's death; characteristics of assisted dying cases, including doctors' classification of such practices.Results: Nine cases met the inclusion criteria. Death did not occur immediately after providing medication with the intention of hastening death. In eight cases, it was framed as palliative or terminal sedation and/or continuous deep sedation. Most doctors used language that distanced their practices from assisted dying.Conclusions: Unlawful assisted dying practices seem to have occurred in a small number of deaths in Victoria prior to commencement of the VAD Act. These practices typically occurred within the context of palliative or terminal sedation and may be difficult to distinguish from lawful palliative care practice. Some survey responses possibly reflect ambiguity in doctors' intentions when providing medication.

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“…The study design is a cross-sectional retrospective hospital-based (Rezigalla, 2020). The inclusion criterion of participants is adult males and females presented to each of the three major cardiac centers for elective angiograms (cardiac center of Khartoum hospital, Sudan heart center, and Alzaytouna Specialist Hospital).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diameter of the Orifice of the Left Coronary Artery: Angiographic Study

Rezigalla¹,

Alhassen²,

Ali³

2022

Int. J. Morphol.

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The ongoing advances in the technology of coronary artery angiograms have put high demands on the basic knowledge of coronary arteries. This study describes the angiographic morphology of the ostium (orifice) of the left coronary artery among Sudanese with respect to sex, age, length, and BMI. The study design is a cross-sectional retrospective hospital-based conducted from 2014 to 2016. The inclusion criterion of participants is adult males and females presented to the cardiac centers for elective angiograms. The exclusion criteria are age below 18 years, documented congenital heart disease, and previous coronary bypass. Angiograms were done using a digital radiographic system. Data was collected through a predesigned data collection sheet. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS v27. A test of correlation was done between the different variables. The data were presented in the form of tables. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The total number of participants was 441; males and females represent 42.9 % and 57,1 %, respectively. The mean age of participants was 56.24±8.68 years. The left coronary artery originated from the left aortic sinus. The mean diameter and length of the left coronary artery were 3.8±0.70 mm and 8.1576±4.32 mm, respectively. A significant negative correlation was reported between the diameter of the orifice and both age and length of the left coronary artery. A non-significant difference between males and females in the diameter of the left coronary artery at ostium (P=0.058) and a significant difference in the length (P=0.00). Sudanese have the smallest diameter of the orifice of the left coronary artery among Africans. Sudanese males have a smaller diameter of orifice than females; females have the longest arteries. A wider orifice of the left coronary artery is associated with a short arterial length.

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Observational Study Designs: Synopsis for Selecting an Appropriate Study Design

Cited by 26 publications

References 15 publications

Tracking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine infant vaccinations in the Dominican Republic

Tracking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine infant vaccinations in the Dominican Republic

Intentional hastening of death through medication: a case series analysis of Victorian deaths prior to the Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017

Diameter of the Orifice of the Left Coronary Artery: Angiographic Study

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