Observation of the vertical structure of atmospheric boundary layer in subtropical UHI by radiosonde

Numerical Modeling and Application of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Arrays in Large Wind Farms

“…The implementation of the BEM-CFD method is achieved using a custom solver (windFarmLienFoam) on the open-source software OpenFOAM, using a finite volume calculation method. In the custom solver, the force applied to the blade is loaded into uniform or non-uniform volume cells in the rotor plane, that is, 𝑓 is added to Equation (2). When subjected to non-uniform loading, as shown in Figure 6b, thrust distribution is assumed to be 𝑇(𝑟) = (𝐶 + 𝐶 𝑟 + 𝐶 𝑟 )𝑇, where, 𝑟 is the local radius of the rotor, 𝑇 is the thrust calculated through uniform loading, and 𝐶 = 0.1, 𝐶 = 0.5 and 𝐶 = 0.01 is a polynomial coefficient.…”

“…In order to better illustrate the coupling simulation method of BEM and CFD used in this article's calculation, this section includes three parts: (1) An introduction to onedimensional momentum theory, which omits the detailed derivation process of onedimensional momentum theory (readers who need it can deduce it themselves or send an email to the author requesting the derivation process file), only providing some important conclusions. (2) The classic BEM method is briefly presented, and a more detailed derivation process can be found in [21]. (3) The BEM-CFD method is given, which should be distinguished from the classical BEM method.…”

“…According to the causes of wind formation, there are various types of wind including sea-land wind, water-land wind, valley wind, and the urban heat-island effect [1]. When valley winds occur, they are often accompanied by a temperature inversion layer [2], and the atmosphere appears solid state, making it difficult for pollutants to dilute and diffuse. If pollutants are drawn into the circulating current, they will remain in the valley for a long time, causing serious air pollution events.…”