Observation of the Reversible Ice III to Ice IX Phase Transition by Using Ammonium Fluoride as Anti-Ice II Agent

Abstract

Ice III is a hydrogen-disordered phase of ice that is stable between about 0.2 and 0.35 GPa. Upon cooling, it transforms to its hydrogen-ordered counterpart ice IX within the stability region of ice II. Because of this metastability, detailed studies of the ice III to ice IX phase transition have so far not been carried out. Using ammonium fluoride doping to prevent the formation of ice II, we now present a detailed study on this phase transition using in-situ powder neutron diffraction. The <i>a</i> and <i>c</i> lattice constants are found to expand and contract, respectively, upon hydrogen ordering yielding an overall negative volume change. Interestingly, the anisotropy in the lattice constants persists when ice IX is fully formed and negative thermal expansion is observed. Analogous to the isostructural keatite and <i>b</i>-spodumenes, the negative thermal expansion can be explained through the build-up of torsional strain within in the <i>a</i>-<i>b</i> plane as the helical ‘springs’ within the structure expand upon heating. The reversibility of the phase transition was demonstrated for the first time upon heating. The ammonium fluoride doping induces additional residual hydrogen disorder in ice IX and is suggested to be a chemical way for ‘excitation’ of the ice-rules configurational manifold. Compared to ices II and VIII, the induced hydrogen disorder in ice IX is smaller which suggests a higher density of configurational states close to the ground state. This study highlights the importance of dopants for exploring water’s phase diagram and underpins the highly complex solid-state chemistry of ice.