Observation of scalar longitudinal electrodynamic waves

Abstract

Theoretically scalar potential Φ waves with a longitudinal electric field E⃗ in the direction of propagation must exist. A centrally fed ball antenna, 6 cm diameter, producing a pulsating 433.59 MHz spherical source charge, generated such a wave, that was detected by an identical ball antenna. The longitudinality of E⃗ was demonstrated by intervening a cubic array of 9 half-wavelength wires, that absorbed the wave when the wires were parallel (but not when perpendicular) to the direction of propagation. The signal from the ball antenna source, placed 4.0 m above ground and receiver 4.4 m above ground, was measured as a function of distance, yielding satisfactory agreement with theory, including 2 expected interference minima produced by an image source induced in the Earth. Only waves can yield such an interference and can be reflected from the Earth's surface and vary as the inverse square of distance.

Magnetodynamic waves in the air

“…Their decay is clearly inversely proportional to the square of the distance, and the rate of variation in the electric field in this wave is limited by the inertia of the propagation medium. Such waves were observed experimentally in [10]. The signal from it is fed into an oscilloscope (V) through an amplifier (A).…”

Covariant Formulation of Aharonov-Bohm Electrodynamics and Its Application to Coherent Tunneling

“…The well-known operator 2 − ∂ is linear and non-local, as can be seen passing to four-momentum space, where it is represented by 2 k − . Eq.…”

“…An extension of Maxwell theory which is compatible with additional degrees of freedom in electromagnetic waves in vacuum is the Aharonov-Bohm electrodynamics [3][4][5][6][7]. The Aharonov-Bohm Lagrangian comprises an additional term proportional to (∂ µ A µ ) 2 and has only a reduced gauge invariance; the Lorentz gauge is not applicable to this theory and no quantized versions have been proposed. So it cannot be regarded as a candidate replacement of Maxwell theory at a fundamental particle level, but possibly as adequate to the description of peculiar situations involving electromagnetic waves which are not purely transverse, but comprise a scalar component S.…”

General Classical Electrodynamics

“…Wesley and Monstein published a paper on the transmission of a Φ-wave, by means of a pulsating surface charge on a centrally fed ball antenna [30]. They assumed divergent currents are not present in such an antenna (∇·J = 0), however, this suggests a violation of charge conservation (∇ · J = 0 and ∂ t ρ = 0).…”