Observation of saturable and reverse-saturable absorption at longitudinal surface plasmon resonance in gold nanorods

Elim, Hendry Izaac; Yang, Jian; Lee, Jim Yang; Mi, Jun; Ji, Wei

doi:10.1063/1.2177366

Cited by 255 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This curve clearly reveals the trends of saturation and reverse saturation behaviors. As expected, it looks very similar to the intensity dependence of nonlinear absorption [15][16][17] . Following the typical method of analyzing nonlinear absorption, a polynomial function was used to fit the nonlinear scattering result.…”

Section: Seesupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Intriguingly, at higher intensities, the absorption increases again. These nonlinear effects are called saturable absorption (SA) [15][16][17] and reverse saturable absorption (RSA) 18 , respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exceptional sensitivity of LSPR is valuable for bio-sensing and near-field imaging techniques 12,13 . On the other hand, the enhanced nonlinearity of plasmonic structures can be utilized in photonic integrated circuits in applications such as optical switching and all-optical signal processing 14,15 . It is well known that the plasmonic absorption is linearly proportional to the excitation intensity at low intensity levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Lee

Huang

et al. 2016

JoVE

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Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus have potential applications in nonlinear optics, which requires extraordinary optical intensity. One of the most studied nonlinearities in plasmonics is nonlinear absorption, including saturation and reverse saturation behaviors. Although scattering and absorption in nanoparticles are closely correlated by the Mie theory, there has been no report of nonlinearities in plasmonic scattering until very recently.Last year, not only saturation, but also reverse saturation of scattering in an isolated plasmonic particle was demonstrated for the first time. The results showed that saturable scattering exhibits clear wavelength dependence, which seems to be directly linked to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Combined with the intensity-dependent measurements, the results suggest the possibility of a common mechanism underlying the nonlinear behaviors of scattering and absorption. These nonlinearities of scattering from a single gold nanosphere (GNS) are widely applicable, including in super-resolution microscopy and optical switches.In this paper, it is described in detail how to measure nonlinearity of scattering in a single GNP and how to employ the super-resolution technique to enhance the optical imaging resolution based on saturable scattering. This discovery features the first super-resolution microscopy based on nonlinear scattering, which is a novel non-bleaching contrast method that can achieve a resolution as low as l/8 and will potentially be useful in biomedicine and material studies. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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Section: Seesupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Lee

Huang

et al. 2016

JoVE

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“…By using the proposed SA and RSA models and their related solutions, the nonlinear absorption parameters are determined by best fitting the theoretical curve (represented by nonlinear absorption parameters) to the experimental data. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to present a quantitative analysis of the nonlinear absorption process of gold NRs, although similar material regarding this phenomenon has been reported previously [25] . The good agreement between the theoretical curve and the experimental results verify that our modeling and solutions can efficiently identify and evaluate both saturable intensity and MPA coefficients, which can also be adapted to the OA Z-scam analysis on other SA or RSA materials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first small SPR peak at 580 nm is due to the transverse mode perpendicular to the gold NRs, whereas the second strong SPR peak at 710 nm is due to the length area of the gold NRs, which gives rise to the longitudinal mode of SPR. These huge SPR peaks, which may often be expected to exhibit SA phenomenon, can be attributed to the conduction band transition of s-p electron [25] . The nonlinear optical properties of gold NRs dissolved in water were investigated with the femtosecond OA Zscan technique [6,28] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and identif ication on nonlinear saturable and reverse-saturable absorptions of gold nanorods using femtosecond Z-scan technique

Wang¹,

Wang²,

Han³

et al. 2012

Chin. Opt. Lett.

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An improved Z-scan analysis approach is proposed by establishing and solving the saturable absorption (SA) and reverse-SA (RSA) models, respectively. Near-infrared femtosecond Z-scans are carried out on the synthesized gold nanorods (NRs) possessing the average length of 46 nm using a femtosecond laser operated at the wavelength of 800 nm, which is close to the peak position of longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (SPR) (710 nm) of gold NRs. At lower input intensity of less than 400 GW/cm 2 , the normalized transmission exhibits only SA phenomenon; however, when it exceeds 400 GW/cm 2 , both SA and RSA are observed. By using the presented Z-scan modeling and theory, the three-photon absorption (3PA) is identified in the material, and the 3PA cross-section is determined to be 1. Generally speaking, nonlinear absorption, which includes saturable absorption (SA), reverse-SA (RSA), multiphoton absorption (MPA), and free carrier absorption (FCA), possesses various applications [1−3] . For example, SA materials are applied extensively in laser pulse compression [4] , and optical bistability, among others, whereas RSA, 2PA, and MPA materials are applied in two-photon fluorescence microscopy and imaging [5−7] , 3D optical storage, microfabrication [8−10] , up-conversion lasing [11−13] , and optical limiting [14] . Therefore, identifying different nonlinear absorption processes is important, especially for the acquisition of corresponding nonlinear absorption parameters, such as the saturable intensity for saturable absorber, 2PA cross-section for 2PA material, and MPA coefficient for MPA material.The Z-scan technique, which was first proposed by Sheik-Bahae et al. [15] , was widely used for characterizing the optical nonlinearities of a sample with simple apparatus, as well as relatively high sensitivity. In Ref.[15], 2PA was analyzed as an example, where the normalized energy transmittance was expressed as a summation of numerical evaluations, thereby obtaining the 2PA coefficient . With the research of diverse materials, other nonlinear and simultaneously appearing absorption processes have been observed from open aperture (OA) Z-scan traces [16−19] . Therefore, distinguishing the nonlinear absorption effects and acquiring the related nonlinear parameters for the materials possessing more than one nonlinear absorption effect are important.Consequently, in this letter, we establish an improved Z-scan technique model for charactering a nonlinear, optical, and thin absorber with SA, RSA (including 2PA, 3PA, and other MPA), or both processes. We divide the absorption term into two parts, SA and RSA, and the solution of each phenomenon is derived individually.First, for SA, by using the similar main principle Gu et al. [20] , the computational difficulty is reduced by utilizing the improved Adomian operator. The first seven terms of normalized transmittance polynomial are identified, which are sufficient for characterizing the complicated nonlinear absorption process. After acquiring the saturable intensity from the...

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