Observation of neutrino-like interactions without muon or electron in the gargamelle neutrino experiment

Hasert, F.J.; Kabe, S.; Krenz, W.; Krogh, J. von; Lanske, D.; Morfín, J.; Schultze, K.; Weerts, H.; Bertrand-Coremans, G.; Sacton, J.; Doninck, W. Van; Vilain, P.; Camerini, U.; Cundy, D.; Baldi, Ranieri D.; Danilchenko, I. A.; Fry, William F.; Haidt, D.; Natali, S.; Musset, P.; Osculati, B.; Palmer, R.B.; Pattison, J.B.M.; Perkins, D. H.; Pullia, A.; Rousset, A.; Vénus, W.; Wachsmuth, H.; Brisson, V.; Degrange, B.; Haguenauer, M.; Kluberg, L.; Nguyen-Khac, U.; Petiau, P.; Belotti, E.; Bonetti, S.; Cavalli, D.; Conta, C.; Fiorini, E.; Rollier, M.; Aubert, B.; Blum, D.; Chounet, L.‐M.; Heusse, P.; Lagarrigue, A.; Lutz, A.M.; Orkin-Lecourtois, A.; Vialle, J.P.; Bullock, F. W.; Esten, M.J.; Jones, T. W.; McKenzie, J.; Michette, A. G.; Myatt, G.; Scott, W. G.

doi:10.1016/0370-2693(73)90499-1

Cited by 601 publications

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“…It also destroys gauge invariance and thus renormalizability of the gauge theory. By contrast, in Weinberg's theory, why the IVBs are massive while the photon is not is explained by the mass-generation mechanism; according to which, the IVBs acquire mass through interaction with the Higgs field, but the photon does not undergo an interaction with the Galison refers), 1970, 1;1971, 4;1972, 64;1973, 162. As in Coleman 1979and Galison 1987, the "Science Citation Index" data are used in the present paper.…”

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confidence: 94%

The construction of the Higgs mechanism and the emergence of the electroweak theory

Karaca

2013

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in

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I examine the construction process of the Higgs mechanism and its subsequent use by Steven Weinberg to formulate the electroweak theory in particle physics. I characterize the development of the Higgs mechanism to be a historical process that is guided through analogies drawn to the theories of solid-state physics and that is progressive through diverse contributions from a number of physicists working independently. I also offer a detailed comparative study that analyzes the similarities and differences in these contributions. IntroductionThe concept of "spontaneous symmetry breaking" (SSB) as used in (relativistic) quantum field theory was inspired from the vacuum-structure of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer(BCS) theory of superconductivity in solid-state physics. 1 As physicists Yoichiro Nambu 2 and Giovanni JonaLasinio 3 once remarked, the integration of SSB into the theoretical framework of quantum field theory illustrates a case of "cross-fertilization" between solid-state physics and particle physics through the sharing of a physical concept. The integration process of SSB has been discussed in 1 Barden et al. 1957 2 a joint paper 4 by Laurie Brown and Tian Yu Cao, which has also accounted for the emergence of SSB as a physical concept and its early use in solid-state physics. What constitutes the final step in this integration process is the construction in the sixties of what is today referred to as "Higgs mechanism" in the literature of modern physics. This was achieved through diverse contributions from different physicists working independently. Even though the aforementioned paper by Brown and Cao is very helpful and thorough in many respects, it does not engage in a detailed examination of the similarities and the differences that exist between the approaches taken in these contributions. 5 Nor does it discuss their convergence to the Higgs mechanism as well as to the formulation of the electroweak theory by Steven Weinberg in 1967. All these as-yetunaddressed historical issues call for a critical study of the development of the Higgs mechanism that is currently missing from the literature of history and philosophy of modern physics. 6 In the present paper, I shall undertake a detailed comparative study of the works that contributed to the development of the Higgs mechanism. Moreover, in parallel to this discussion, I shall also trace the development of the electroweak theory as the unified theory of electromagnetic and weak forces.The plan of the present paper is roughly as follows. In Section 2, I shall give a short summary of the failure of the V-A theory of weak interactions. In Section 3, I shall dwell on Glashow's work on a unified theory of weak and electromagnetic forces. I shall also discuss the zero-mass problem of the Yang-Mills theory and how it plagued Glashow's work. In Section 4, I 3 shall examine in detail the construction process of the Higgs mechanism that solved the zeromass problem. In Section 5, I shall describe the formulation of the electroweak theory by Weinberg on t...

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confidence: 94%

The construction of the Higgs mechanism and the emergence of the electroweak theory

Karaca

2013

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in

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“…Therefore, it is highly desirable to perform a competitive experiment at low energy. APV experiments have been of key importance in the acceptance of the electroweak theory, confirming together with neutrino scatting experiments [12] the existence of neutral currents over many orders of magnitude in momentum scale. Due to the high sensitivity to additional heavy Z -bosons (as the contributions of constituents quarks add coherently) APV experiments are competitive to experiments a high energy.…”

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confidence: 84%

Atomic parity violation in a single trapped radium ion

et al. 2011

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Atomic parity violation (APV) experiments are sensitive probes of the electroweak interaction at low energy. These experiments are competitive with and complementary to high-energy collider experiments. The APV signal is strongly enhanced in heavy atoms and it is measurable by exciting suppressed (M1, E2) transitions. The status of APV experiments and theory are reviewed as well as the prospects of an APV experiment using one single trapped Ra + ion. The predicted enhancement factor of the APV effect in Ra + is about 50 times larger than in Cs atoms. However, certain spectroscopic information on Ra + needed to constrain the required atomic many-body theory, was lacking. Using the AGOR cyclotron and the TRIμP facility at KVI in Groningen, short-lived 212−214 Ra + ions were produced and trapped. First ever excited-state laser spectroscopy was performed on the trapped ions. These measurements provide a benchmark for the atomic theory required to extract the electroweak mixing angle to sub-1% accuracy and are an important step towards an APV experiment in a single trapped Ra + ion.

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“…São elas: colaboração GARGAMELLE no CERN [65,66]; E1A no FERMI National Accelerator Laboratory (FERMILAB) [67,68].…”

Section: A Década De 70unclassified

A descoberta das correntes neutras das interações fracas

Fortes¹,

Tijero²,

Pleitez³

2007

Rev. Bras. Ens. Fis.

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Neste artigo fazemos uma crônica sobre a descoberta das correntes neutras fracas por dois grupos experimentais independentes. Consideramos também um pouco da história das correntes neutras para contextualizar melhor essa descoberta que foi decisiva para a posterior confirmação do modelo padrão eletrofraco. Esta descoberta deixa clara a dificuldade de considerar os resultados experimentais como sendo completamente independentes da teoria. Palavras-chave: correntes neutras, bósons Z, modelo eletrofraco.In this paper we narrate the discovery of the weak neutral currents by two independent experimental collaborations. We also give a brief review of the history of the neutral currents in order to give a clear description of the context of that discovery which was decisive for a later confirmation of the electroweak standard model. This discovery shows the difficulty for considering the experimental results as being completely independent of the theory. Keywords: neutral currents, Z boson, electroweak model. IntroduçãoNormalmente, acredita-se que exista uma maneira clara e livre de ambigüidades de diferenciar "fatos observacionais" (ou simplesmente "fatos") por um lado, e hipóteses teóricas por outro. Estasúltimas seriam "especulativas" e podem ser confirmadas ou refutadas, já os "fatos" experimentais são claros, sem ambigüidades e falam por si mesmos. No entanto, essa diferenciação entre hipóteses teóricas e experimentais nem sempreé trivial. Existem situações em que a teoria ajuda a definir o que seriam considerados "fatos". Em outras palavras, fica difícil,às vezes, distinguir se uma hipóteseé "factual" ou teórica. O historiador da ciência Peter Galison coloca a situação assim: nem sempreé fácil saber quando deve ser finalizado um experimento [1,2]. Como exemplos, podemos colocar as observações da violação da paridade nas interações fracas [3, 4] e das correntes neutras fracas. No presente artigo vamos considerar em detalhe apenas o segundo caso.O chamado modelo padrão (MP) das partículas fundamentais e suas interações (a nuclear forte, a nuclear fraca, e a eletromagnética)é a teoria que descreve os fenômenos subnucleares e tem sido amplamente confirmada pelos dados experimentais nasúltimas décadas.Esse modelo e a teoria da relatividade de Einstein constituem dois dos pilares fundamentais da nossa compreensão científica da Natureza. O modelo está baseado em simetrias de gauge ou de calibre locais não Abelianas.O MP tem duas partes, a chamada cromodinâmica quântica (QCD pela sigla em inglês) e a parte eletrofraca que aqui chamamos MPE. Esteúltimo modelo inclui o chamado mecanismo de Higgs ou quebra espontânea de simetria, que tem como conseqüência a existência (ainda não confirmada) de um escalar elementar, o chamado bóson de Higgs. A primeira evidência de que o MPE estava correto foi dada pela observação, por duas equipes de físicos experimentais, das correntes neutras fracas que eram previstas por esse modelo. Essas experiências são um exemplo claro da falsificação de uma teoria. Caso esse tipo de correntes não ti...

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Observation of neutrino-like interactions without muon or electron in the gargamelle neutrino experiment

Cited by 601 publications

References 0 publications

The construction of the Higgs mechanism and the emergence of the electroweak theory

The construction of the Higgs mechanism and the emergence of the electroweak theory

Atomic parity violation in a single trapped radium ion

A descoberta das correntes neutras das interações fracas

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