Abstract:After 10-year investigations, the folding mechanisms of beta-hairpins are still under debate. Experiments strongly support zip-out pathway, while most simulations prefer the hydrophobic collapse model (including middle-out and zip-in pathways). In this article, we show that all pathways can occur during the folding of beta-hairpins but with different probabilities. The zip-out pathway is the most probable one. This is in agreement with the experimental results. We came to our conclusions by 38 100-ns room-temp… Show more
“…This observation confirms our MD simulation in previous works. 45,50,51 Figure 2. Graphic representation for three typical helices: p-helix, a-helix, and 3 10 -helix, and two alternative transition processes from a-helix to p-helix.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Furthermore, many other works presented the multifolding pathways of trpzip2, [41][42][43][44] and this was also confirmed by our recent work with direct MD simulations. 45 Through free energy analysis on the data from 38 100-ns trajectories, we obtained six meta-stable states, named from M1 to M6. In this article, we will calculate the free energy differences between these meta-stable states and native state and compare them with the results from MD simulations.…”
The path-based methods of free energy calculation, such as thermodynamic integration and free energy perturbation, are simple in theory, but difficult in practice because in most cases smooth paths do not exist, especially for large molecules. In this article, we present a novel method to build the transition path of a peptide. We use harmonic potentials to restrain its nonhydrogen atom dihedrals in the initial state and set the equilibrium angles of the potentials as those in the final state. Through a series of steps of geometrical optimization, we can construct a smooth and short path from the initial state to the final state. This path can be used to calculate free energy difference. To validate this method, we apply it to a small 10-ALA peptide and find that the calculated free energy changes in helix-helix and helix-hairpin transitions are both self-convergent and cross-convergent. We also calculate the free energy differences between different stable states of beta-hairpin trpzip2, and the results show that this method is more efficient than the conventional molecular dynamics method in accurate free energy calculation.
“…This observation confirms our MD simulation in previous works. 45,50,51 Figure 2. Graphic representation for three typical helices: p-helix, a-helix, and 3 10 -helix, and two alternative transition processes from a-helix to p-helix.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Furthermore, many other works presented the multifolding pathways of trpzip2, [41][42][43][44] and this was also confirmed by our recent work with direct MD simulations. 45 Through free energy analysis on the data from 38 100-ns trajectories, we obtained six meta-stable states, named from M1 to M6. In this article, we will calculate the free energy differences between these meta-stable states and native state and compare them with the results from MD simulations.…”
The path-based methods of free energy calculation, such as thermodynamic integration and free energy perturbation, are simple in theory, but difficult in practice because in most cases smooth paths do not exist, especially for large molecules. In this article, we present a novel method to build the transition path of a peptide. We use harmonic potentials to restrain its nonhydrogen atom dihedrals in the initial state and set the equilibrium angles of the potentials as those in the final state. Through a series of steps of geometrical optimization, we can construct a smooth and short path from the initial state to the final state. This path can be used to calculate free energy difference. To validate this method, we apply it to a small 10-ALA peptide and find that the calculated free energy changes in helix-helix and helix-hairpin transitions are both self-convergent and cross-convergent. We also calculate the free energy differences between different stable states of beta-hairpin trpzip2, and the results show that this method is more efficient than the conventional molecular dynamics method in accurate free energy calculation.
“…41 All the simulations are carried out at 298 K. The time step is 1 fs. The initial structure is an extended b-strand.…”
Section: Molecular Dynamics Simulationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…41 However, Table 1 shows that these two states have the similar values of the RMSD, R g , and probability distribution of hydrogen bonds, i.e., these two states should be considered as a single state. The MCL algorithm indeed groups them into one cluster C1.…”
Section: Comparing Basins Detected By MCL Algorithm and By Conventionmentioning
Folding network is an effective approach to investigate the high-dimensional free-energy surface of peptide and protein folding, and it can avoid the limitations of the projected free-energy surface based on two-order parameters. In this article, we present improvements of the effectiveness and accuracy of the folding network analysis based on Markov cluster (MCL) algorithm. We used this approach to investigate the folding free-energy surface of the beta-hairpin peptide trpzip2 and found the folding network is able to determine the basins and folding paths of trpzip2 more clearly and accurately than the two-dimensional free-energy surface.
“…Among the latter, several have demonstrated stability and folding of trpzip models using OPLS-AA, 4, 10 AMBER ff96, [11][12][13][14][15] and AMBER ff99SB (Ref. 16) all-atom molecular mechanics force fields.…”
We have combined graphics processing unit-accelerated all-atom molecular dynamics with parallel tempering to explore the folding properties of small peptides in implicit solvent on the time scale of microseconds. We applied this methodology to the synthetic β-hairpin, trpzip2, and one of its sequence variants, W2W9. Each simulation consisted of over 8 μs of aggregated virtual time. Several measures of folding behavior showed good convergence, allowing comparison with experimental equilibrium properties. Our simulations suggest that the intramolecular interactions of tryptophan side chains are responsible for much of the stability of the native fold. We conclude that the ff99 force field combined with ff96 φ and ψ dihedral energies and an implicit solvent can reproduce plausible folding behavior in both trpzip2 and W2W9.
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