Observation of Impact Induced Failure in Slotted HMX Crystals Using X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging

Drake, J. D.; Stirrup, K. -A. M.; Blum-Sorenson, C. J.; Fezzaa, K.; Sun, T.; Son, S. F.; Chen, W. W.

doi:10.1007/s40870-023-00389-4

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Nevertheless, the HMX crystal is crucial for providing detonation power, and more attention should be directed toward understanding the effect of cracks within HMX crystals on heat conduction. Recently, with the advancement of X-ray CT technology, some researchers have been able to the morphology of the surface and interior of HMX single crystals, as well as the crack initiation and extension of different types of crystals upon impact in a matrix or binder. − However, little research has addressed the differentiation between cracks generated by thermal expansion and phase transitions for HMX crystals, and there has been scarce investigation into the relationship between these different cracks and heat conduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation and Evolution Mechanism of Cracks in HMX Single Crystals around Phase Transition Temperature

Wang,

Liang,

Wang

et al. 2024

Crystal Growth & Design

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Thermal-induced cracks in explosive crystals could hinder heat conduction, generate hot spots, and ultimately induce detonation, posing safety hazards for the storage and transportation of explosives and impacting their performance. The thermotropic phase transition occurring below decomposition and detonation temperature complicate the evolution and mechanism of the cracks during heating for some explosives. In this work, the generation and evolution of cracks induced by the heating at both 180 and 185 °C above the phase transition temperature were investigated for the classical energetic crystal HMX. Three types of cracks, fast cracks, slow cracks, and small cracks, were observed and the corresponding formation mechanisms and distribution characteristics were systematically studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, 3D X-ray computed tomography, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that fast cracks form due to thermal expansion, tending to be perpendicular to the lattice b-direction. Slow cracks arise from the (101) (or (1̅10)) plane slipping and exist only in the subsurface. Small cracks originate from the β–δ phase transition of HMX, are denser and more disordered, and mainly occur close to the heated surface. These findings provide further insight into the relationship between thermal damage and the heat conduction characteristics of HMX crystals.

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