Observation of High Intensity Radiation by Satellites 1958 Alpha and Gamma

Allen, J. A. Van; Ludwig, George H.; Ray, Ernest C.; McIlwain, C. E.

doi:10.2514/8.7396

Cited by 290 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

110

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The radiation belts of Earth w e r e discovered by in situ observation in 1958 (Van Allen et al , 1958;Vernov et al , 1959) . Non-thermal decimetric (3-GHz) radio emis s ion from the vicinity of Jupiter was discovered in the same year (Sloanaker , 1959) by remote observation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jupiter's radiation belts

Schulz

1979

Space Sci Rev

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jupiter's radiation belts

Schulz

1979

Space Sci Rev

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The first diagnostic instrumentation in space was a simple Geiger Mueller tube and the first observations were interpreted as the result of very intense radiation. Van Allen correctly suggested that the radiation was corpuscular rather than electromagnetic ( Van Allen et al, 1958;. The ability of the geomagnetic field to trap relativistic electrons was experimentally verified by the Argus experiment, which was proposed by Nicholas Christofilos in 1957 and carried out in 1959 (Christofilos, 1959).…”

Section: Space Storm Effects In the Terrestrial Magnetosphere: Radiatmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This mission provided over an extended region of space a map of the distribution of trapped radiation. It also gave an integral range spectrum ( Van Allen et al, 1959a). Around 1500 km altitude, energy fluxes larger than 50 erg/cm 2 /s/ster were detected through the thin foil (1 mg/cm 2 ).…”

Section: Modelling the Radiation Beltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This stream was named solar wind by and its existence was later confirmed from observations made by the Venus-heading Mariner 2 spacecraft . Just prior to the discovery of the radiation belts by Explorer 3 ( Van Allen et al, 1958), Singer (1956) proposed that particles arriving from the Sun could, by collective motion, perturb the dipolar magnetic field of the Earth sufficiently to allow entry of the particles into the trapping regions identified by Størmer (1955). A more detailed theory followed , suggesting that the gradient drift of the energetic particles trapped in the geomagnetic field carries a westward electric current, which effectively decreases the horizontal component of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the Earth.…”

Section: Security Classification Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Space Storms and Space Weather Hazards

Daglis¹

2001

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Subject Terms Report Classification unclassified Classification of this page unclassified Classification of Abstract unclassified Limitation of Abstract UU Number of Pages 486REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, -to review recent spacecraft measurements that have provided new insight into the dynamics and effects of space storms; -to review space weather hazards associated with space storms and pertinent to the operation of technological systems in space and on ground;-to discuss and assess methods of space weather forecasting, as well as national and international initiatives towards an efficient development of space climatology.Space weather, the invisible but nevertheless effective result of solar activity and solar-terrestrial coupling, has affected the operations of communication systems since the appearance of telegraph in the 19th century, though as an unknown trouble factor. Nowadays, the effects of space weather affect in various ways all communication modes, from cable to wireless to space-based systems. Moreover, space weather hazards include malfunction or even permanent damage of power distribution grids and of telecommunication, navigation and surveillance satellites, disturbances of over-the-horizon (OTH) radar, HF, VHF and UHF communications, surveying and navigation systems that use Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, surveillance (optical and radar), and satellite tracking. Space weather influences on the Earth's weather and climate is still a developing topic. Little is known concerning the biological effects of space weather, especially regarding astronauts.This Institute could not be timelier. Space Weather, which has been defined as "conditions on the sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can influence the performance and reliability of space-and ground-based technological systems and can endanger human life", encompasses a broad range of phenomena impacting both space science and technology. The effects of Space Weather, while present throughout the solar cycle, gain particular prominence around the peak of the 11-year sunspot activity; the maximum of cycle 23 occurred in summer 2000.The fact that this ASI on Space Weather was held in Europe is particularly appropriate. European countries host a considerable repository of knowledge and world-class facilities in this field. Nevertheless, while Space Weather activities in c...

show abstract

“…The Earth's radiation belts, commonly known as the Van Allen belts, are composed mainly of electrons and protons with energies greater than several tens of keV and up to several hundreds of MeV ( Van Allen et al 1958; Van Allen and Frank 1959). There are two radiation belts, the inner and outer belts.…”

Section: Earth's Radiation Beltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space Weather: Physics, Effects and Predictability

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The time varying conditions in the near-Earth space environment that may affect space-borne or ground-based technological systems and may endanger human health or life are referred to as space weather. Space weather effects arise from the dynamic and highly variable conditions in the geospace environment starting from explosive events on the Sun (solar flares), Coronal Mass Ejections near the Sun in the interplanetary medium, and various energetic effects in the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere system. As the utilization of space has become part of our everyday lives, and as our lives have become increasingly dependent on technological systems vulnerable to the space weather influences, the understanding and prediction of hazards posed by these active solar events have grown in importance. In this paper, we review the processes of the Sun-Earth interactions, the dynamic conditions within the magnetosphere, and the predictability of space weather effects on radio waves, satellites and ground-based technological systems today.

show abstract

Observation of High Intensity Radiation by Satellites 1958 Alpha and Gamma

Cited by 290 publications

References 3 publications

Jupiter's radiation belts

Jupiter's radiation belts

Space Storms and Space Weather Hazards

Space Weather: Physics, Effects and Predictability

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About