Observation of electron emission in the nuclear reaction between protons and deuterons

Influence of crystal structures on electron screening

“…Since there is no available cross section for the 19 F+d reaction in the studied energy region, to determine the bare-nucleus cross section, we measured the same reaction, but this time in forward kinematics, in which we never observed a large electron screening effect, except for the p+d reaction [17,18]. The measurement was performed with the 3MV accelerator at Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics in Garching in an energy range from E d =(303 to 998 keV) on thin CaF 2 targets positioned perpendicularly to the beam.…”

Electron screening in the 2H(19F,p)20F reaction

“…In order to calculate enhancement factors from our experimental data, we need the cross section which is not influenced by screening effect. However, there is no available cross section in the literature for the 19 F+d reaction in the energy region that we studied. So, we measured the same reaction, but this time in forward kinematics in order to determine the nuclear cross section that is not influenced by electron screening.…”

“…The dependence of the electron screening potential on the target host lattice structure was investigated by measuring the rate of the 2 H( 19 F,p) 20 F reaction in thick zirconium, two thick and one thin titanium and two different thick deuteriumcontaining palladium targets. The experimental set-up consisted of a High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector positioned 57 mm from the target at an angle of 135 • with respect to the 19 F ion beam direction. The intrinsic detector efficiency was 53% relative to a 3" by 3" NaI detector and it had an efficiency of 0.6% and a resolution of 2.2 keV at the 1.3 MeV 60 Co peak.…”

“…Targets were mounted on a massive copper holder in order to effectively prevent substantial heating of the targets during the experiment and positioned in a high vacuum chamber perpendicularly to the beam direction. The 19 F ion beam with currents of about 0.5 µA was used to study the 19 F+d reaction in an energy range between 3.089 and 9.200 MeV. The numbers of incident ions were deduced by measuring the charge collected on the electrically isolated target chamber.…”

Catalysis of Nuclear Reactions by Electrons

“…We also predicted a dependence of electron screening on the position of hydrogen in the crystal lattice. To test our model we observed 5.6 MeV electrons in the fusion reaction of protons and deuterons [12]. This proves that atomic electrons actively participate in the nuclear reaction and not just merely decrease the Coulomb barrier from an atomic shell.…”