Observation of Anti-Stokes Fluorescence Cooling in Thulium-Doped Glass

Hoyt, Chad; Sheik‐Bahae, Mansoor; Epstein, Richard I.; Edwards, B. C.; Anderson, Jason

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.3600

Cited by 176 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…PA processes have proved to be useful in applications such as temperature sensors, 21,22 UC lasers, 23 laser cooling of solids, 24,25 and phase-conjugated mirrors. 26 It was also shown that the laser threshold of a fiber laser could be reduced as well as its output power enhanced using a PA excitation scheme.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phonon-assisted cooperative energy transfer and frequency upconversion in a Yb3+/Tb3+ codoped fluoroindate glass

Menezes

Maciel

Araújo

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physics

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We report large thermal enhancement of the frequency upconversion ͑UC͒ process due to cooperative energy transfer ͑CET͒ in a Yb 3ϩ /Tb 3ϩ codoped fluoroindate glass obtained by heating the sample from 308 to 530 K. To study the influence of multiphonon transitions in the UC process we chose anti-Stokes quasiresonant excitation of Yb 3ϩ ions which were used as sensitizers. UC of radiation at 1064 nm into blue and green light was obtained. Various emission lines of Tb 3ϩ were observed between 400 and 700 nm due to CET from Yb 3ϩ to Tb 3ϩ ions. A rate equation model was used to describe the temperature dependence of the UC emission intensities and the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phonon-assisted cooperative energy transfer and frequency upconversion in a Yb3+/Tb3+ codoped fluoroindate glass

Menezes

Maciel

Araújo

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Using the absorption and fluorescent spectra of Tm 3+ :ZBLANP as input data, we analyzed the random process of fluorescent reabsorption in solid-state optical materials. Figure 5 shows the absorptivity and fluorescence spectra of Tm 3+ :ZBLANP [3] . The reabsorption coefficient is defined as the integrated result of the absorption spectrum and the normalized fluorescence intensity.…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of refrigeration cycle on laser cooling of solids

You-Hua¹,

Zhong²,

Yin³

2012

中国光学快报

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A simple model is developed to study the laser cooling of solids. The condition of laser cooling of a solid is developed. By using some parameters of the Yb 3+ ion, which is most widely used in laser cooling, we then calculate the cooling power and the cooling efficiency. In order to make a more precise analysis, the effect of fluorescent reabsorption, which is unavoidable in the cooling process, is discussed using the random walk model. Taking Tm 3+ ion as an example, we derive the average number of absorption events and determine the change in quantum efficiency due to reabsorption. Finally, we obtain the red-shift of the fluorescent wavelength and the requirement of sample dimension.OCIS codes: 140.3320, 160.2540, 300.2530. doi: 10.3788/COL201210.031401.As early as 1929, Pringsheim proposed an idea to cool a solid material by using anti-Stokes fluorescence. In this process, the material absorbs a pumping photon with a longer wavelength and soon afterwards emits a fluorescence photon with a shorter wavelength; the energy difference between the two photons, which results from the internal energy of the material, is removed by the fluorescence radiation, and the material is cooled. Many researchers have initially opposed this idea as they cannot relate laser to refrigeration. However, in 1995, the first demonstration of net laser cooling of a solid was reported [1] , and a Yb 3+ -doped fluorozirconate glass ZBLANP was cooled to 0.3 K below room temperature. Thereafter, people have carried out a series of theoretical and experimental studies for laser cooling of solids and obtained great progress [2−12] . Since anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling has been successfully achieved, explanations about the experimental result have been continually explored. Lamouche et al. found a theoretical model [12] and derived the cooling efficiency in arbitrary temperature by evaluating the experimental spectroscopy. The relationship between the mean fluorescent wavelength and the temperature was also determined. As the model of Lamouche is very complex, we propose a simple two-level system to analyze the micro course of laser cooling and then calculate the cooling power and cooling efficiency. We then discuss several main parameters that influence cooling power and determine the relationship between temperature and time.In order to obtain efficient laser cooling of solids, the key is to choose the proper fluorescent center and its level structure, as well as the appropriate energy gap. Taking Tm 3+ ions as example, their energy manifolds are shown in Fig.

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“…Laser-induced cooling has been observed in a wide variety of glasses and crystals doped with ytterbium (Yb 3+ ) such as ZBLANP (Epstein et al, 1995, Mungan et al, 1997, Luo et al, 1998& Thiede et al, 2005, ZBLAN (Rayner et al, 2001& Heeg et al, 2004, CNBZn and BIG (Fernandez et al, 2000), YAG and Y2SiO5 (Epstein et al, 2001), BaY2F8 (Bigotta et al, 2006), KPb2Cl5 (Mendioroz et al, 2002), KGd(WO4)2 and KY(WO4)2 (Bowman et al, 2000), YLF (Seletskiy et al, 2008). Laser-induced cooling has been also observed in thulium (Tm 3+ ) doped ZBLANP (Hoyt et al, 2000(Hoyt et al, & 2003 and BaY2F8 (Patterson et al, 2008), and in erbium (Er 3+ ) doped CNBZn and KPb2Cl5 (Fernandez et al, 2006& Garcia-Adeva et al, 2009.…”

Section: Laser Cooling In Ion-doped Glasses and Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser cooling of solids

2010

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Laser cooling of solids, sometimes also known as optical refrigeration, is a fast developing area of optical science, investigating the interaction of light with condensed matter. Apart from being of fundamental scientific interest, this topic addresses a very important practical issue: design and construction of laser pumped solid-state cryocoolers, which are compact, free from mechanical vibrations, moving parts, fluids and can cause only low electromagnetic interference in the cooled area. The optical cryocooler has a broad area of applications such as in the development of magnetometers for geophysical sensors, in biomedical sensing and can be beneficial for satellite instrumentations and small sensors, where compactness and the lack of vibrations are very important. Simply, a laser cooler works on the conversion of low energy pump photons into high-energy anti-Stokes fluorescence photons by extracting some of the phonons (heat energy) in a material. That is, the process of laser cooling of solids is based on anti-Stokes fluorescence also known as luminescence upconversion, when light quanta in the red tail of the absorption spectrum are absorbed from a pump laser, and blue-shifted photons are spontaneously emitted. The extra energy extracted from the solid-state lattice in the form of the phonons is the quanta of vibrational energy which generates heat. The idea to cool solids with anti-Stokes fluorescence was proposed in 1929 by Peter Pringsheim and first demonstrated experimentally by Epstein's research team in 1995. In 1999, Steven Bowman proposed to use the optical refrigeration by anti-Stokes fluorescence within the laser medium to balance the heat generated by the Stokes shifted stimulated emission in a high-power solid-state bulk laser. Such a laser without internal heating named radiation-balanced or athermal laser was experimentally demonstrated for the first time in 2002. At the present time laser cooling of solids can be largely divided into three main areas: laser cooling of rare-earth doped solids, laser cooling in semiconductors and radiation-balanced lasers. All three areas are very interesting and important and will be considered in this paper.

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Observation of Anti-Stokes Fluorescence Cooling in Thulium-Doped Glass

Cited by 176 publications

References 11 publications

Phonon-assisted cooperative energy transfer and frequency upconversion in a Yb3+/Tb3+ codoped fluoroindate glass

Phonon-assisted cooperative energy transfer and frequency upconversion in a Yb3+/Tb3+ codoped fluoroindate glass

Mechanism of refrigeration cycle on laser cooling of solids

Laser cooling of solids

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