Observation of a long-lived prethermal discrete time crystal created by two-frequency driving

Abstract

We report the observation of long-lived Floquet prethermal discrete time crystalline (PDTC) order in a threedimensional position-disordered lattice of interacting dipolar-coupled 13 C nuclei in diamond at room temperature. We demonstrate a novel strategy of "two-frequency" driving, involving an interleaved application of slow and fast drives that simultaneously prethermalize the spins with an emergent quasi-conserved magnetization along the x-axis, while enabling continuous and highly resolved observation of their dynamic evolution when periodically kicked away from x. The PDTC order manifests itself in a robust period doubling response of this drive-induced quasi-conserved spin magnetization interchanging between x and -x; our experiments allow a unique means to study the formation and melting of PDTC order. We obtain movies of the time-crystalline response with a clarity and throughput orders of magnitude greater than previous experiments. We report a PDTC lifetime of 4.68 s (corresponding to 149 Floquet cycles), comparable to state-of-the-art discrete time crystal experiments, and which we measure in a single-shot experiment. Such rapid measurement enables detailed characterization of the entire PDTC phase diagram, rigidity and lifetime, informing on the role of prethermalization towards stabilizing the DTC response. The two-frequency drive approach represents the simplest generalization of DTCs to multi-frequency drives; it expands the toolkit for realizing and investigating long-lived non-equilibrium phases of matter stabilized by emergent quasi-conservation laws.