“…As well, some studies referred to well-being-related impacts of e.g., aircraft noise or railways [ 28 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ] but these were not considered applicable for road traffic. A range of noise studies provide dose-response relations between transport noise levels and noise annoyance which sometimes are highly significant [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ], but as noise annoyance mainly contributes to evaluative and objective well-being, it may not adequately reflect the multi-faceted concept of general subjective well-being [ 15 , 46 , 47 ]. Also, noise annoyance is often used in HIA as an independent health outcome and URGENCHE-related HIA work on transport interventions has also applied annoyance accordingly [ 7 , 48 ].…”