Objective Differentiation of Force-Based Laparoscopic Skills Using a Novel Haptic Simulator

Objective assessment of robotic surgical skill using instrument contact vibrations

“…Previous studies have demonstrated construct validity of force-torque metrics for surgical skill assessment [15][16][17], but this study is the first to compare their the instruments. The vibration recording system used in this study has been effectively implemented in numerous dry-lab tasks as well as in the live operating room setting, since the sensors do not reside in the sterile field [18].…”

Haptic Feedback, Force Feedback, and Force-Sensing in Simulation Training for Laparoscopy: A Systematic Overview

“…10,24,68.69 Novices were found to apply significantly higher amounts of force for both basic and more complex probing and grasping tasks and basic sweeping tasks than experts in a VR setting and to use more abrupt tool movements. 24,68,69 Visual force feedback improved force and motion parameters of residents on both basic and more complex tasks in a VR trainer. 68 Force feedback has also been effectively used during VR training, to teach novices how far to insert laparoscopic tools.…”

“…16 It was further found that novices applied significantly higher amounts of force for probing, sweeping, and grasping tasks than experts in VR simulators. 24 An assortment of possible force parameters is mentioned in the literature. The most often used parameters are maximum absolute force and mean absolute nonzero force, which is the force averaged across all samples during the time that the force exerted was above 0.…”

“…In VR-trainers, haptic interface devices have been developed to create artificial haptic feedback, while BTs, which already provide natural haptic feedback, are supplied with force sensing and force feedback mechanisms to improve training results. 10,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Although haptic and force feedback have been widely recognized as important concepts within laparoscopic simulation training, several issues have remained unresolved. These issues surround the characteristics that will result in optimal skill acquisition, such as fidelity of a simulator and the composition of the optimal training curriculum.…”

Development of a Novel Tool for Assessing Deformation and Hardness of Real Organs: Pressure Measuring Grasper (PMEG)

“…Current simulators lack visual (CG movement) and tactile (HFB quality) reality. This may be why many surgeons report discomfort in using current simulators [11,12]. Although modications of the materials and colors used in 3D organ models are useful to con rm the position of tumors locating deep within organs [13], there is currently no model that accurately recreates organ stiffness.…”