Object-oriented simulation: plant growth and discrete organ to organ interactions

Sequeira, Ronaldo; Sharpe, Peter J. H.; Stone, Nicholas D.; El-Zik, K. M.; Makela, Merry E.

doi:10.1016/0304-3800(91)90030-5

Cited by 59 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…It: -supports variable hierarchical structure -can make intelligent decisions on changing system's structure The main limitations of the approach are related to heavy use of computer memory. Although mathematical calculations are reduced to operations dealing with direct responses of entities, the number of operations greatly increases in an individual or entity based model (Sequeira et al, 1991). Technology improvements will alleviate memory limitations and simulation time will be reduced by massively parallel computers (Wang and Zeigler, to appear).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling multi-scale spatial ecological processes under the discrete event systems paradigm

1993

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A multi-scale spatial ecological model of a wet sclerophyllous forest subject to recurrent fires is presented. The model is specified in a Discrete Event Systems framework (DEVS) (Zeigler, 1990) interfaced with a Geographic Information System (GIS), and includes the ability to simulate landscape dynamics at several levels of resolution simultaneously. This is achieved by encoding a modular hierarchical representation of the forest landscape components into a set of nested, interconnected, and spatially referenced dynamic models. The results of the landscape dynamics simulations are displayed as sequences of maps through time, illustrating the potential of this modeling methodology for dealing with complex hierarchical structures that operate at several spatial and temporal resolutions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling multi-scale spatial ecological processes under the discrete event systems paradigm

1993

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“…However, initial efforts designing crop simulation models normally did not reflect how the plant canopy actually develops by phytomer units. A common approach viewed the plant as consisting of leaf, stem, root, and seed components (e.g., Sequeira et al [15,16]; APSIM [17]; APSIM-Plant [18]). In this design, the phytomer unit components are split into generic plant components and the concept of the phytomer unit is lost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CANON in D(esign): Composing scales of plant canopies from phytomers to whole-plants using the composite design pattern

McMaster

Hargreaves

2009

NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences

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a b s t r a c tUnderstanding plant development and architecture has been aided by the phytomer concept. The phytomer, usually considered a vegetative unit of a leaf, node, internode, axillary bud, and occasionally nodal roots, has been extended to the inflorescence with units repeated within and among shoots. For many reasons including insufficient knowledge of phytomer dynamics or specific modelling objectives, crop models may not fully incorporate phytomer concepts. For instance, commonly, some phytomers are aggregated into a single component such as an inflorescence component. Continuing development and maturing of object-oriented (OO) design provides opportunities for better representing phytomer concepts in crop models and integrating approaches using varying scales of resolution. Use of the structural Composite Design Pattern (CDP) in an OO plant design facilitates combining scales with a mixture of single and aggregated phytomers for different components. This paper uses winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to (1) illustrate building the entire plant canopy by the appearance, growth, and death of phytomer units, (2) translate this botanical abstraction into an OO design using the CDP, (3) use the CDP to facilitate a mixture of scales, and (4) present results of a proof-of-concept prototype, CANON, named because the interplay of repeating phytomers is analogous to the repeating melodies of a canon musical composition. CANON implements the phytomer concept of an entire canopy (both vegetative and reproductive phytomers) into an OO design using the CDP. This pattern facilitated the combination of simulation scales from individual reproductive phytomers to an aggregated inflorescence. Quantification of phytomer concepts for winter wheat was primarily derived from the SHOOTGRO model, with the addition of a simple aggregated inflorescence sub-model derived from the APSIM model. The CANON prototype was able to simulate the appearance, growth, and senescence of phytomers on individual shoots of the plant comprising the plant canopy. Importantly, CANON was able to incorporate legacy code with a lower scale of resolution than the phytomer. CANON demonstrates an OO design to simulate plant canopy development and growth from the sub-phytomer to whole-plant level, allowing flexibility in meeting different model objectives and available knowledge of processes.

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“…Since 1990, object-oriented analysis and objectoriented design (Booch, 1994) has been used successfully to describe biological processes (Sequiera et al, 1991;Silvert, 1993;Acock and Reynolds, 1997). The advantages of such a choice are listed by Sequiera et al (1997) or Acock and Reddy (1997) and may be summarised as: (i) the modularity of the written code allows easier reusable models; (ii) objects describing entities (e.g.…”

Section: Specifications Of the Always Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

ALWAYS: a plot-based silvopastoral system model

Bergez¹,

Etienne²,

Balandier³

1999

Ecological Modelling

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Accounting for interactions is an important feature in ecological modelling when dealing with complex systems. ALWAYS is an object-oriented model which describes the biophysical functioning of a silvopastoral system at a plot and daily scale. The main processes linking the five components of the system (climate, tree, sward, soil and animal) are described. The interactions processes between the different components of the system are taken into account and resources sharing is modelled. The main biophysical equations are developed (tree and sward growth, water cycle, transmitted PAR). ALWAYS offers three ways of running it: (i) interactively by running the simulation year by year and checking results at the end of each year using graphs and output files; (ii) automatically by describing the management over the full tree rotation and (iii) in a sensitivity analysis mode to test parameters from the yearly or rotation outputs. Examples of output files, written in an ASCII format, are provided. Such a model is the first step towards a more effective decision support tool.

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Object-oriented simulation: plant growth and discrete organ to organ interactions

Cited by 59 publications

References 14 publications

Modeling multi-scale spatial ecological processes under the discrete event systems paradigm

Modeling multi-scale spatial ecological processes under the discrete event systems paradigm

CANON in D(esign): Composing scales of plant canopies from phytomers to whole-plants using the composite design pattern

ALWAYS: a plot-based silvopastoral system model

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