Obesity-Related Cross-Talk between Prostate Cancer and Peripheral Fat: Potential Role of Exosomes

Abstract

The molecular mechanisms of obesity-induced cancer progression have been extensively explored because of the significant increase in obesity and obesity-related diseases worldwide. Studies have shown that obesity is associated with certain features of prostate cancer. In particular, bioactive factors released from periprostatic adipose tissues mediate the bidirectional communication between periprostatic adipose tissue and prostate cancer. Moreover, recent studies have shown that extracellular vesicles have a role in the relationship between tumor peripheral adipose tissue and cancer progression. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the feedback mechanisms between prostate cancer and periglandular adipose and the role of exosomes as mediators of signal exchange to understand obesity as a risk factor for prostate cancer. This review summarizes the two-way communication between prostate cancer and periglandular adipose and discusses the potential role of exosomes as a cross-talk and the prospect of using adipose tissue as a means to obtain exosomes in vitro. Therefore, this review may provide new directions for the treatment of obesity to suppress prostate cancer.

A body shape index (ABSI) but not body mass index (BMI) is associated with prostate cancer‐specific mortality: Evidence from the US NHANES database

“…29 A two-way communication has also been described between PCa and periglandular adipose tissue featuring exosomes as mediators. 30 As such, adipose tissue could eventually be a means for obtaining exosomes through liposuction. Exosome-based therapies activate macrophages in adipose tissue, creating an inflammatory environment that yields more exosomes.…”

Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Contribute to Phenotypic Plasticity of Prostate Cancer Cells

“…Both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues have been shown to be associated with aggressive pathological features in prostate cancer [ 105 , 106 , 107 ]. EVs isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue have been demonstrated to increase melanoma aggressiveness and were found to contain proteins that are associated with fatty acid oxidation, and there is evidence of cross-talk between peripheral adipose tissue, periprostatic carcinoma adipose tissue, and prostate cancer progression [ 26 , 107 , 108 ]. A greater understanding of the contributions of both omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots may inform on the seemingly paradoxical relationship between obesity and prostate cancer progression and metastasis.…”

“…One limitation of this study is that experiments were performed only on highly metastatic PC3MLs. The effects of adipose EVs on PC3 and DU145 cells as well as the less aggressive 22RV21 cells have been well studied, but the molecular underpinnings of metastatic prostate cancer are less well understood [ 26 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 ]. We sought to fill this gap in knowledge by exploring the mechanisms driving more advanced and aggressive disease.…”

“…This chronic inflammatory state leads to chemoresistance, dysregulated angiogenesis, promotion of cancer cell growth, and the development of metastasis [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Obesity has been shown to alter the gene expression profiles of periprostatic adipose tissue, creating an environment that favors prostate cancer progression by promoting cancer cell proliferation and immune escape [ 25 , 26 ]. Another potential link between obesity and prostate cancer progression is endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which has been observed in several diseases that are associated with inflammation including obesity [ 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”

The potential value of exosomes as adjuvants for novel biologic local anesthetics

“…Exosomes also inhibit the development of severe postoperative inflammatory syndrome, an excessive inflammatory response involving the innate immune system, neutrophil and macrophage accumulation, cytokine secretion, T and B cell recruitment and antibody formation in an attempt to eliminate pathogenic pathogens. However, this process also leads to bystander attack on major organs/tissues, resulting in ineffective host defense mechanisms, rapid organ failure, and potential death ( Chang et al, 2018 ; Feng et al, 2022 ). Fortunately, much evidence suggests that stem cells, especially adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs), have an intrinsic immunomodulatory capacity ( Le Blanc et al, 2003 ; Sun et al, 2011 ).…”