Obesity rates, income, and suburban sprawl: an analysis of US states

Vandegrift, Donald; Yoked, Tommer

doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2003.09.003

Cited by 77 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…On a national scale obesity tends to rise with income (Vandegrift and Yoked, 2004); however, within countries, obesity is more common amongst people with lower incomes and those living in sprawling neighbourhoods (Drewnowski and Darmon, 2005;Vandegrift and Yoked, 2004). Walking and cycling programs should therefore be aimed specifically at those high-risk groups.…”

Section: Health Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Santos

Behrendt

Teytelboym

2010

Research in Transportation Economics

317

163

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Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate that many other policy instruments can be used in combination with taxes and permits to ensure that the transport needs of the present generation can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet any needs of their own.

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Section: Health Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Santos

Behrendt

Teytelboym

2010

Research in Transportation Economics

317

163

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“…Sprawl at the state level also has been found to increase risk for obesity. 292 Land use mix and street connectivity are other geographic concepts that also have been linked to obesity. Sprawl is characterized by less diverse land use mix and less street connectivity.…”

Section: Achieving Energy Balance In Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population-Based Prevention of Obesity

Kumanyika¹,

Obarzanek²,

Stettler³

et al. 2008

Circulation

534

263

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Abstract-Obesity is a major influence on the development and course of cardiovascular diseases and affects physical and social functioning and quality of life. The importance of effective interventions to reduce obesity and related health risks has increased in recent decades because the number of adults and children who are obese has reached epidemic proportions. To prevent the development of overweight and obesity throughout the life course, population-based strategies that improve social and physical environmental contexts for healthful eating and physical activity are essential. Population-based approaches to obesity prevention are complementary to clinical preventive strategies and also to treatment programs for those who are already obese. This American Heart Association scientific statement aims: 1) to raise awareness of the importance of undertaking population-based initiatives specifically geared to the prevention of excess weight gain in adults and children; 2) to describe considerations for undertaking obesity prevention overall and in key risk subgroups; 3) to differentiate environmental and policy approaches to obesity prevention from those used in clinical prevention and obesity treatment; 4) to identify potential targets of environmental and policy change using an ecological model that includes multiple layers of influences on eating and physical activity across multiple societal sectors; and 5) to highlight the spectrum of potentially relevant interventions and the nature of evidence needed to inform population-based approaches. The evidence-based experience for population-wide approaches to obesity prevention is highlighted. (Circulation. 2008;118:428-464.)

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“…Socioeconomic status (education and income) for example, was also found important, people from lower status usually being more at risk of obesity. 15,34 Rely on cross-sectional data might also be questioned, considering the usually long delay in the occurrence of obesity at a population level. Nevertheless, physical activity …”

Section: Obesity In Canada a Vanasse Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity in Canada: where and how many?

et al. 2005

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Context: Obesity rates are rising sharply among all industrialized countries; the situation seems to be worse in English speaking countries. Taking into account genetic predisposition, excess of caloric intake combined with low energy expenditure will usually result in obesity. Objectives: To describe and compare regional obesity rates across Canada and assess the ecological relationship between regional rates of obesity, low level of leisure-time physical activity, and low fruit and vegetable consumption. Design: Cross-sectional population-based analysis from the 2003 Canadian Community Health Survey. Measures and data analyses: Canadian population distributions of body mass index (BMI), leisure-time physical activity and daily fruit and vegetable consumption were obtained from Statistics Canada. All these measures were based on the respondent's selfreported answers to a computer-assisted personal or telephone interview. Obesity rates (BMIX30), rates of low level of leisure-time physical activity (less than 1.5 kcal of energy expenditure per day), and rates of low fruit and vegetable consumption (less than five times a day) for the 106 Canadian Health regions were mapped to illustrate their geographical distribution. Cartograms were used in addition to traditional mapping to take into account the differences in population density between these small areas. Results: In 2003, 15.2% of Canadian individuals aged 20 years and older were considered obese. The rates of obesity varied substantially between the 106 Canadian health regions: from 6.2% in Vancouver to 47.5% in aboriginal population area. At the health region level, low leisure-time physical activity and low fruit and vegetable consumption are both good predictors of obesity (odds ratio of 9.2 and positive predictive value of 93% when considered simultaneously). Conclusion: There is a strong gradient in obesity prevalence between Canadian health regions. At the regional level, high rates of low level of physical activity, and high rates of low fruit and vegetable consumption were both found good predictors of high rates of obesity.

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Obesity rates, income, and suburban sprawl: an analysis of US states

Cited by 77 publications

References 26 publications

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Population-Based Prevention of Obesity

Obesity in Canada: where and how many?

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