Obesity influences the proteome of periodontal ligament tissues following periodontitis induction in rats

Abstract

Background and Objectives Many studies have been conducted to better understand the molecular mechanism involved with periodontitis progression. There has been growing interest in the potential impact of obesity on periodontitis onset and progression, but the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. The present study was designed to determine the impact of obesity on experimentally induced periodontitis in rats and identify novel pathways involved. Methods Sixteen Holtzman rats were distributed into two groups (n = 8): ligature‐induced periodontitis (P) and obesity plus ligature‐induced periodontitis (OP). Obesity was induced by a high‐fat diet for 70 days, whereas periodontitis was induced for 20 days, with a cotton thread placed around the upper first molars bilaterally. Alveolar bone loss was measured by microtomographic analysis and histologically by histometry on the hemimaxillae. The protein composition of the periodontal ligament was evaluated by proteomic analysis. Results Data analysis (body weight, adipose tissue weight, and blood test) confirmed obesity induction, whereas bone loss was confirmed by micro‐CT and histologic analyses. Proteome analysis from the periodontal ligament tissues (PDL) identified 819 proteins, 53 exclusive to the P group, 28 exclusive to the OP group, and 738 commonly expressed. Validation was performed by immunohistochemistry for selected proteins (spondin1, vinculin, and TRAP). Conclusion Histologically, it was found that obesity did not significantly affect bone loss resulting from periodontitis. However, the present study's findings indicated that obesity affects the proteome of PDL submitted to experimental periodontitis, allowing for identifying potential targets for personalized approaches.

Obesity Modifies the Proteomic Profile of the Periodontal Ligament

“…Interestingly, our group has recently demonstrated that obesity modifies the proteomic profile of PDL of rats subjected to experimental periodontitis, suggesting a critical effect of obesity on the PDL response to inflammation and tissue remodeling. Our study showed that obesity modulated the abundance of proteins related to periodontitis, such as spondin1, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and vinculin [ 23 ]. Moreover, in another study, we observed the detrimental effects of obesity on the protein abundance of the PDL of rats exposed to orthodontic movement.…”

“…The animals received a standard laboratory diet (Labina/Purina, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil) or a high-fat diet in addition to water ad libitum. They were randomly divided into two experimental groups: control animals (n = 3) and obese animals (n = 5), which comprised animals subjected to obesity induction by a high-fat diet, as previously described [ 23 , 24 ]. This high-fat diet had about 3.82 kcal/g and consisted of a mixture of standard rat chow and milk chocolate, peanuts, and sweet biscuits in a 3:2:2:1 ratio and contained 20 g of protein, 20 g of total fat, 48 g of carbohydrates, and 4 g of fiber per 100 g of diet.…”

“…The protein abundance through proteomics enables the identification of the main proteins present in a sample and also differentially abundant proteins in different samples. Lately, proteomic analysis has been used widely in different challenged oral cells, tissues, and fluids, such as enamel [ 17 ], pulp [ 18 , 19 ], dental cementum [ 20 , 21 , 22 ], PDL [ 23 , 24 ], alveolar bone [ 22 ], periodontal ligament cells [ 25 , 26 ], gingival fibroblasts [ 27 ], gingival tissue [ 28 , 29 ], saliva [ 30 ], and gingival crevicular fluid [ 31 ], enabling researchers to better understand biological processes. Therefore, characterizing the PDL protein profile in obesity conditions becomes important in identifying possible biological markers different from those in health conditions.…”

Influence of obesity on osseointegration of implants with different surface treatments: A preclinical study

“…[20][21][22][23] Animals that reached a body weight difference ≥15% compared to the body weight of healthy animals were considered obese. [20][21][22][23] To obtain these values, we averaged the weights recorded weekly for both healthy rodents and rodents on a hypercaloric diet, allowing a comparison over the weeks.…”

Patchouli alcohol suppresses inflammation and autophagy, and reduces osteoclast formation in periodontitis via regulation of ERK and NF κB signaling pathways

“…Microbial infection is the main cause of periodontitis, and excessive inflammation can destroy periodontal tissue [2]. The formation of osteoclasts leads to bone loss and stimulates the reabsorption of the alveolar bone, which ultimately leads to tooth loss [3]. Therefore, the inhibition of osteoclast differentiation is the way to treat periodontitis.…”