Obesity in Children: Recent Advances in Energy Metabolism and Body Composition

Goran, Michael I.; Figuewa, Reinaldo; McGloin, Aileen; Nguyen, Von; Treuth, Margarita S.; Nagy, Tim R.

doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00150.x

Cited by 31 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Daily energy expenditure increased over the period of weight gain and was correlated with change in body weight such that the monkeys that gained the most weight increased their energy expenditure the most. The finding that energy expenditure increases with increased body weight has been documented in studies with humans (4,16,36,78,88), so it is not surprising that energy expenditure would increase as the volume of metabolically active tissue increases. Although there was a change in energy expenditure, the initial energy expenditure of each individual monkey was correlated with that monkey's final energy expenditure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Individual differences in physical activity are closely associated with changes in body weight in adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Sullivan¹,

Koegler²,

Cameron³

2006

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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eron. Individual differences in physical activity are closely associated with changes in body weight in adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291: R633-R642, 2006. First published April 13, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00069.2006.-The increased prevalence of overweight adults has serious health consequences. Epidemiological studies suggest an association between low activity and being overweight; however, few studies have objectively measured activity during a period of weight gain, so it is unknown whether low activity is a cause or consequence of being overweight. To determine whether individual differences in adult weight gain are linked to an individual's activity level, we measured activity, via accelerometry, over a prolonged period (9 mo) in 18 adult female rhesus monkeys. Weight, food intake, metabolic rate, and activity were first monitored over a 3-mo period. During this period, there was mild but significant weight gain (5.5 Ϯ 0.88%; t ϭϪ6.3, df ϭ 17, P Ͻ 0.0001), whereas caloric intake and activity remained stable. Metabolic rate increased, as expected, with weight gain. Activity level correlated with weight gain (r ϭ Ϫ0.52, P ϭ 0.04), and the most active monkeys gained less weight than the least active monkeys (t ϭ Ϫ2.74, df ϭ 8, P ϭ 0.03). Moreover, there was an eightfold difference in activity between the most and least active monkeys, and initial activity of each monkey was highly correlated with their activity after 9 mo (r ϭ 0.85, P Ͻ 0.0001). In contrast, food intake did not correlate with weight gain, and there was no difference in weight gain between monkeys with the highest vs. lowest caloric intake, total metabolic rate, or basal metabolic rate. We conclude that physical activity is a particularly important factor contributing to weight change in adulthood and that there are large, but stable, differences in physical activity among individuals.exercise; obesity; weight gain; energy balance EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES INDICATE that body weight and body fat increase through early and middle adulthood such that by late middle age there is an increased percentage of overweight and obese individuals compared with the early adult period (33,57,63,108,115). Weight gain over the adult years has escalated over the past two decades such that 65% of adults in the United States have a body mass index (BMI) above the healthy range (Ͼ25.0 kg/m 2 ) (32). Weight gain and obesity in adulthood have been associated with overall increases in morbidity and mortality (82) and in the risk of diabetes mellitus (23, 33, 53, 115a), gall bladder disease (115a), coronary heart disease (41, 49, 53, 69, 86, 111, 115a), hypertension (53, 115a), stroke (115a), dyslipidemia (115a), osteoarthritis (115a), gout (115a), pulmonary diseases (115a), colon cancer (35), and breast cancer (118).A large body of epidemiologic data shows an association between low levels of physical activity and a higher rate of adult weight gain, and a greater increase in percent body fat, throughout adult...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Individual differences in physical activity are closely associated with changes in body weight in adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Sullivan¹,

Koegler²,

Cameron³

2006

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…DXA offers a new method for the study of skeletal maturation, mineral homeostasis, and environmental and nutritional factors involved in development and growth [44] because it measures three body compartments (i.e., lean, fat and bone). To date, several studies have used DXA to measure paediatric samples, and the results have shown evidence that DXA is an accurate method for assessing body composition [45].…”

Section: Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (Dxa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition measurements: From the past to the future

Pietrobelli¹,

Tatò²

2005

Acta Paediatrica

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During growth, the human body increases in size and changes its proportions of various components due to hormone mediators. Growth is a complex, biological process regulated by multiple factors. These factors include genetics, nutritional intake, physical activity, age, gender and endocrine balance, all of which influence a child's body composition during the growth years. Quantifying the main components is integral to the study of growth, as the assessment of human physical characteristics is important both in the anthropological and medical fields. It is important to have the possibility to control the growth process and to predict adult status in order to reduce the risk factors of various diseases.Conclusion: This paper examines issues in the measurements of paediatric body composition, describing traditional and new tools in this field.

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“…Übergewicht bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ist nicht immer streng mit der Manifestation einer Adipositas im Erwachsenenalter assoziiert: Überge-wichtige Kinder im Alter von 6 Monaten werden zu 14% auch dicke Erwachsene, ca. 40% der im Alter von 7 Jahren über-gewichtigen Kinder werden später adipös; in der Altersgruppe der 10-bis 13-jährigen Adipösen sind es dann sogar 80% [37]. Adipositas im Kindesalter bedeutet ein erhöhtes Risiko für Stoffwechsel-und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen und auch eine erhöhte Mortalität im Erwachsenenalter.…”

Section: Sozioökonomische Und Familiäre Faktorenunclassified