Obesity in children and adolescents: relationship to growth, pubarche, menarche, and voice break

Kleber, Michaela; Schwarz, Alexandra; Reinehr, Thomas

doi:10.1515/jpem.2011.089

Cited by 44 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Clearly, this is quite different from what occurs with most obese children. Not only do obese children grow faster on a weight basis, they tend to be taller than contemporaries, up to age 14 years [57]. Moreover, a diet deficient in protein rarely occurs in developed countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Dense, Protein Restricted Diet Increases Adiposity and Perturbs Metabolism in Young, Genetically Lean Pigs

et al. 2013

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Animal models of obesity and metabolic dysregulation during growth (or childhood) are lacking. Our objective was to increase adiposity and induce metabolic syndrome in young, genetically lean pigs. Pre-pubertal female pigs, age 35 d, were fed a high-energy diet (HED; n = 12), containing 15% tallow, 35% refined sugars and 9.1–12.9% crude protein, or a control corn-based diet (n = 11) with 12.2–19.2% crude protein for 16 wk. Initially, HED pigs self-regulated energy intake similar to controls, but by wk 5, consumed more (P<0.001) energy per kg body weight. At wk 15, pigs were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); blood glucose increased (P<0.05) in control pigs and returned to baseline levels within 60 min. HED pigs were hyperglycemic at time 0, and blood glucose did not return to baseline (P = 0.01), even 4 h post-challenge. During OGTT, glucose area under the curve (AUC) was higher and insulin AUC was lower in HED pigs compared to controls (P = 0.001). Chronic HED intake increased (P<0.05) subcutaneous, intramuscular, and perirenal fat deposition, and induced hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and low-density lipoprotein hypercholesterolemia. A subset of HED pigs (n = 7) was transitioned back to a control diet for an additional six weeks. These pigs were subjected to an additional OGTT at 22 wk. Glucose AUC and insulin AUC did not improve, supporting that dietary intervention was not sufficient to recover glucose tolerance or insulin production. These data suggest a HED may be used to increase adiposity and disrupt glucose homeostasis in young, growing pigs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Dense, Protein Restricted Diet Increases Adiposity and Perturbs Metabolism in Young, Genetically Lean Pigs

et al. 2013

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“…65, 66 Additionally, there are several studies that have noted that boys with greater BMI entered puberty later. 15, 67–70 There are also several studies that suggest a more complex relationship between BMI and timing of pubertal parameters. For example, boys born more recently were noted to have earlier maturation in the Copenhagen Puberty Study, but BMI explained only a portion of the variance.…”

Section: Childhood Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Puberty in Girls of the 21st Century

Biro

Greenspan

Galvez

2012

Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology

139

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Several studies have noted contemporary girls are undergoing pubertal maturation at younger ages. During this same time period many Western nations have experienced an obesity epidemic, prompting investigators and public health officials to consider the association of these two events, and if other exposures might impact this relationship. There are several potential mechanisms that could impact the relationship of pubertal timing in girls with greater body mass, including direct effects of obesity on pubertal timing as well underlying exposures that impact body mass as well as timing of pubertal maturation. These underlying conditions include chemical compounds that could impact synthesis or action of sex hormones, called endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDs). This paper will examine the decline in the age of breast development and potential genetic and environmental influences, the obesity epidemic in the US and other nations, and potential mechanisms to explain the relationship between greater body mass index with earlier puberty in girls.

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“…In 1,383 overweight and obese children, the following parameters were compared: body weight, height and timing of pubarche, menarche and voice break in a representative German childhood cohort aged 10-16 years [46]. Obese children were found to undergo later pubarche, menarche and voice break than their lean control group and hence presented with late puberty [46].…”

Section: Obesity Influences Pubertal Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Childhood Obesity on Pubertal Development

Wagner¹,

Sabin²,

Kieß³

2015

Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence

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The process of pubertal development is only partly understood but is thought to be influenced by many partially unknown factors. During the 20th century, there was a secular trend towards earlier pubertal development. Due to the rising epidemic of childhood obesity, the relationship between body composition in childhood and the tempo and timing of puberty needs to be better understood. Studies have shown that there is a clear relation between reaching a critical body weight and pubertal onset and course. Moreover, a rapid and early weight gain during infancy, and even during foetal life, is associated with an earlier onset of menarche, an earlier pubertal growth spurt, an earlier thelarche in girls, an earlier pubarche in both sexes and an earlier increase in testicular volume in boys. Furthermore, there is a clear correlation between increasing body mass index and earlier pubertal development in girls. In boys, controversial data exist. The majority of studies propose that puberty and voice break occur earlier in obese boys when compared with normal-weight peers, but interestingly, a few studies show the opposite finding. The earlier onset of puberty that occurs in obese individuals could be mediated by factors that are directly linked to adipose tissue or could be an indirect effect of genetic and/or environmental factors. This review presents the current evidence on this topic, highlighting inconsistencies and opportunities for future research.

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Obesity in children and adolescents: relationship to growth, pubarche, menarche, and voice break

Cited by 44 publications

References 41 publications

Energy Dense, Protein Restricted Diet Increases Adiposity and Perturbs Metabolism in Young, Genetically Lean Pigs

Energy Dense, Protein Restricted Diet Increases Adiposity and Perturbs Metabolism in Young, Genetically Lean Pigs

Puberty in Girls of the 21st Century

Influences of Childhood Obesity on Pubertal Development

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