Obesity Impairs Enthesis Healing After Rotator Cuff Repair in a Rat Model

Abstract

Background: Being overweight or obese is associated with poor outcomes and an increased risk of failure after rotator cuff (RC) surgery. However, the effect of obesity on enthesis healing has not been well characterized. Hypotheses: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) would result in inferior enthesis healing in a rat model of RC repair, and a dietary intervention in the perioperative period would improve enthesis healing. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 weight-matched groups (n = 26 per group): control diet (CD), high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD until surgery and then CD thereafter (HF-CD). After 12 weeks, the left supraspinatus tendon was detached, followed by immediate repair. Animals were sacrificed, and RCs were harvested at 2 and 12 weeks after surgery for biomechanical and histological evaluations. Metabolic end points were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and plasma analyses. Results: DIO was established in the HFD and HF-CD groups before surgery and subsequently reversed in the HF-CD group after surgery. At 12 weeks after surgery, the body fat percentage ( P = .0021) and plasma leptin concentration ( P = .0025) were higher in the HFD group compared with the CD group. Histologically, the appearance of the repaired entheses was poorer in both the HFD and HF-CD groups compared with the CD group at 12 weeks after surgery, with semiquantitative scores of 6.20 ( P = .0078), 4.98 ( P = .0003), and 8.68 of 15, respectively. The repaired entheses in the HF-CD group had a significantly lower load to failure ( P = .0278) at 12 weeks after surgery compared with the CD group, while the load to failure in the HFD group was low but not significantly different ( P = .0960). There were no differences in the biomechanical and histological results between the groups at 2 weeks after surgery. Body mass at the time of surgery, plasma leptin concentration, and body fat percentage were negatively correlated with histology scores and plasma leptin concentration was correlated with load to failure at 12 weeks after surgery. Conclusion: DIO impaired enthesis healing in this rat RC repair model, with inferior biomechanical and histological outcomes. Restoring a normal weight with dietary changes after surgery did not improve healing outcomes. Clinical Relevance: Obesity is a potentially modifiable factor that impairs RC healing and increases the risk of failure after surgery. Exploring interventions that improve the metabolic state of obese patients and counseling patients appropriately about their modest expectations after repair should be considered.

Patient Body Mass Index Has No Direct Effect on The Characteristics of Primary Tenocytes Derived from Torn Rotator Cuffs

“…High circulating concentrations of adipokines may be acting as a prolonged disruptor of tendon healing in obese patients (14,15,25,39). A recent animal study reported leptin levels, an adipokine, were negatively correlated with load to failure and worse histological structure of the repaired tendon-bone interface after rotator cuff surgery (40). However, in this current study, no significant correlation was found between patient BMI and tenocyte growth, collagen production or gene expression profile.…”

A high-fat diet has negative effects on tendon resident cells in an in vivo rat model

“…In the previous study using this animal cohort [ 25 ], a HFD led to increased body and fat mass, and impaired enthesis healing after rotator cuff repair surgery, with inferior biomechanical and histological outcomes. Restoring normal weight with dietary change after surgery did not improve healing outcomes.…”

“…We found some evidence to support this with some of the higher gene expression observed in the HFD group not found in the HF-CD group. However, in our first study on this animal cohort investigating tendon healing after rotator cuff surgery, changing from a HFD to CD peri-operatively did not improve healing outcomes [ 25 ]. Interestingly, in this study the adipose CM from animals in the HF-CD group had significantly higher expression of pro-inflammatory Il-1β than all other groups.…”

“…This animal cohort also underwent upper limb rotator cuff surgery at 15 weeks of age [ 25 ], which could have potentially affected the loading and physiology of other tendons throughout the body. However, all animals in the study were similarly affected.…”

“…All animals in this study underwent left rotator cuff tenotomy and immediate repair at 15 weeks of age as part of a study looking at the effects of obesity on rotator cuff healing [ 25 ].…”