Obesity and Vascular Risk Factors at Midlife and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease

Kivipelto, Miia; Ngandu, Tiia; Fratiglioni, Laura; Viitanen, Matti; Kåreholt, Ingemar; Winblad, Bengt; Helkala, Eeva‐Liisa; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Soininen, Hilkka; Nissinen, Aulikki

doi:10.1001/archneur.62.10.1556

Cited by 1,107 publications

(820 citation statements)

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“…Several epidemiologic studies have reported an association between high levels of adiposity in adulthood and an increased risk for developing both AD and VD in old age [1,2]. Thus, we hypothesized that individuals with dementia would have a higher FM than those in the control group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…On the one hand, it has been recently evidenced that high body mass index (BMI) values, and hence adiposity, in adulthood are associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) in late life [1,2]; on the other hand, it is well known that malnutrition and particularly unintentional weight loss are common clinical features in patients with dementia, which occur at the preclinical stage of the disease and are maintained at the follow-up, further aggravating the prognosis of these patients [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioimpedance vector analysis and conventional bioimpedance to assess body composition in older adults with dementia

et al. 2015

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a b s t r a c tObjective: Although dementia and nutritional status have been shown to be strongly associated, differences in body composition (BC) among older people with dementia have not yet been firmly established. The aim of this study was to assess BC through conventional and vector bioimpedance analysis (BIA and BIVA, respectively) in a sample of institutionalized older men with and without dementia, in order to detect dementia-related BC changes. Methods: Forty-one institutionalized men ages 65 y (23 without dementia [CG] and 18 with dementia [DG]) were measured with BIA and interpreted with BIVA and predictive equations. Results: Age (74.4 and 75.7 y) and body mass index (22.5 and 23.6 kg/m 2 ) were similar for DG and CG, respectively. Resistance and ratio of resistance to height did not differ significantly between the two groups. Reactance and ratio of reactance to height were 21.2% and 20.4% lower in DG than in CG. Phase angle was significantly lower in DG (mean ¼ 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6 -4.3 ) than in CG (mean ¼ 4.7; 95% CI, 4.3 -5.1 ). Mean fat mass index (6 and 7 kg/m 2 ), and mean fat-free mass index (16.4 and 16.6 kg/m 2 ) were similar in both groups. BIVA showed a significant downward migration of the ellipse in DG with respect to CG (T 2 ¼ 15.1; P < 0.01). Conclusion: Conventional BIA showed no significant differences in BC between DG and CG, although reactance and ratio of reactance to height were about 21% lower in DG. Nevertheless, a body cell mass depletion and an increase in the ratio of extracellular to intracellular water were identified in DG using BIVA. BIVA reflects dementia-related changes in BC better than BIA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioimpedance vector analysis and conventional bioimpedance to assess body composition in older adults with dementia

et al. 2015

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“…In one study of 1449 individuals, obesity (BMI 430 kg/m 2 ) at midlife was associated with increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in later life, after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. 18 Midlife obesity, high total cholesterol and high systolic blood pressure were all significant risk factors for dementia, and had additive effects.…”

Section: Obesity and The Older Womanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity in women: a life cycle of medical risk

Ryan

2007

Int J Obes

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Obesity can have an adverse impact on health at each stage of a woman's life cycle. In young women, obesity has an impact on psychosocial health and, as they grow older and become parents, on their reproductive health. Obesity also imposes a number of serious risks during pregnancy. In older women, obesity is associated with the emergence of a number of related chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and increased risk for almost all types of cancer. Of concern in the elderly is the increasing evidence that obesity is an independent risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Obesity also has a marked impact on life expectancy. The medical risks associated with obesity in women are also important for the woman's children and future generations. There is emerging evidence that nutrition during fetal and early life can influence risk for obesity and chronic diseases for both sexes. International Journal of Obesity (2007) 31, S3-S7; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803729Keywords: women; pregnancy; intergenerational programming; Alzheimer's diseaseIn an obesogenic environment, women are at greater risk for obesity, and especially severe obesity, than men, and they also appear to be at disproportionate risk for some of the complications of obesity. In most developed countries, the rates of obesity are higher in women than men. Also, focus on obesity in women is an important consideration for men because the metabolic status of the mother during pregnancy can impact her children, both boys and girls.The biologic differences between men and women in their risk for obesity and its complications are an important area for research because they can give insights into the mechanisms that underlie obesity and can increase the understanding of obesity in both genders. Adolescence and young adulthoodObesity can have an adverse impact on health at each stage of a woman's life. In young women, obesity has an impact on psychosocial health and, as they grow older and become parents, on their reproductive health.The higher rate of obesity in women compared with men has a number of societal consequences. Compared with men, women suffer more from the stigmatisation imposed by obesity and have lower education levels and rates of marriage. At a socio-economic level, compared with normal weight women, obese women with higher education or in upper white-collar positions have significantly lower incomes. Excess body weight is not associated with similar income disadvantages for men.The social and economic consequences of obesity were demonstrated in a study of a representative sample of 10 039 US adolescent and young adult men and women (aged 16-24 years). On follow-up 7 years after the initial survey, women who had been overweight (defined as body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for age and sex) at baseline had indices of socio-economic status that were worse than those of the normal weight women. The survey showed that they were more likely to have had fewer years of education, to be living in poverty,...

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“…This gap is especially noteworthy since American Indians have high rates of several conditions that increase risk for poor cognitive functioning, such as alcohol abuse and addiction, 6–8 diabetes, 9,10 traumatic brain injury, 11,12 and overweight/obesity and cardiovascular disease. 13,14 Further, American Indians are disproportionately poor (28.4% compared with 12.4% of the U.S. general population), 15 and low socioeconomic status has been linked to several factors that might affect cognitive ability. These include pre- and postnatal complications, malnutrition, exposure to environmental toxins, increased risk of head injury, and risky health behaviors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of Performance on the MMSE and the DRS-2 Among American Indian Elders

Jervis

Fickenscher

Beals

et al. 2010

Journal of Neuropsychiatry

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Little is known about factors that predict older American Indians’ performance on cognitive tests. This study examined 137 American Indian elders’ performance on the MMSE and the Dementia Rating Scale—Second Edition (DRS-2). Multivariate regression identified younger age, more education, not receiving Supplemental Security Income, and frequent receipt of needed health care as predictors of better performance on the MMSE. Better performance on the DRS-2 was predicted by more education, boarding school attendance, not receiving Supplemental Security Income, and frequent receipt of needed health care. This study points to the importance of economic and educational factors on cognitive test performance among American Indian elders.

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Obesity and Vascular Risk Factors at Midlife and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease

Cited by 1,107 publications

References 19 publications

Bioimpedance vector analysis and conventional bioimpedance to assess body composition in older adults with dementia

Bioimpedance vector analysis and conventional bioimpedance to assess body composition in older adults with dementia

Obesity in women: a life cycle of medical risk

Predictors of Performance on the MMSE and the DRS-2 Among American Indian Elders

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